Forest Emission Factor Database

A small tree, 7-12 m tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves 7-12 × 3-5 cm, elliptic-oblong to sometimes slightly oblanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute to obtuse, slightly attenuate onto the petiole, glabrous, slightly coriaceous, primary veins 9-11 on each side of the midrib, raised below, slightly sunk above, secondary venation usually obscure, petioles 4-10 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, axillary or sometimes supra-axillary, paniculate, racemose-decussate. Flowers sessile, numerous, rachis glabrous to scattered pilose. Calyx tube c 1 mm long, cupuliform, more or less membranous, glabrous, sometimes scattered pilose, lobes c 0.5 mm long, rounded, pilose-fimbriate. Corolla white, tapering, narrowly caudate, involute, 6-8 mm long. Anthers ellipsoid, c 1.5 mm long, almost sessile, connective scarcely developed. Ovary pilose, flask-shaped, 1.5-2.0 mm long, stigmas shortly 2-lobed. Fruits ellipsoid-ovoid, 1.0-1.2 × 0.7-0.8 cm.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots glabrous. Leaves 9-16 × 3.0-5.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, sometimes somewhat lanceolate or oblanceolate, slightly coriaceous, glabrous, base obtuse to acute, narrowed and attenuate onto the petiole, apex more or less acuminate, primary veins 8-9 on each side of the midrib, secondary venation often obscure, petioles 1.5-3.0 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, 7-15 cm long, glabrous. Flowers numerous, pedicels 1-2 mm long. Calyx glabrous, tube c 0.3 mm long, lobes 0.5-1.0 mm long, triangular. Corolla white, creamy-white or yellowish, slightly fragrant, lobes strap-shaped, 2-4 × c 0.7 mm, apex more or less obtuse. Anthers broadly ellipsoid, c 0.7 mm long, almost sessile, connective developed into a very short appendage. Ovary broadly flask-shaped, 1.0-1.5 mm long, styles short, scarcely differentiated, stigmas sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, 1.5-2.0 × 0.8-1.5 cm.

No Data

A small to moderate-sized tree, nearly evergreen, branchlets pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves 10-25 cm long, leaflets 5-8, ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 × 1-5 cm, leathery or thinly leathery, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glandular dotted, apex obliquely cuspidate to acuminate, base blunt to rounded, attenuate or oblique, margin entire, petioles 3-8 cm long, petiolules 5-10 mm long, primary veins 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, obscure or rarely obvious. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, 10-25 cm long, spreading, mjany-flowered. Flowers bisexual, bracts spathulate-linear, 3-10 mm long, leafy, puberulent at first, pedicels slender, 2-4 mm long. Calyx cupular, c 1 mm long, puberulent or glabrous, subentire to broadly deltate, toothed. Corolla white, c 2 mm long. Stamens 2, filaments short, exserted. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, styles short, stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a samara, broadly lanceolate-spathulate, 2.5-3.0 × 0.4-0.8 cm, wing decurrent to about middle of nutlet.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall, branchlets terete, puberulent when young, glabrescent. Leaves 2.5-7.5 × 1.3-3.0 cm, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous or sometimes pubescent near the base of midrib adaxially, acuminate or acute at the apex, cuneate to broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, primary veins 4-6 on each side of the midrib, petioles 4-7 mm long, glabrous or puberulent. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, 4-12 cm long, rachis puberulent to pubescent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx 1.0-1.5 mm long, glabrous. Corolla 4-6 mm long, tube as long as the lobes. Stamens 2, not exceeding the corolla lobes, anthers c 1 mm long, dehiscing laterally. Ovary 2-locular, ovules 2 in each locule, styles cylindrical, stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a berry, subglobose to obovoid, 6-10 mm in diameter, black to blackish brown.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots glabrous or pubescent, lenticellate. Leaves 7-13 × 3-4 cm, lanceolate, sometimes more or less elliptic, apex acuminate, glabrous, base narrowed onto the petiole, slightly coriaceous, primary veins 6-9 on each side of the midrib, raised below, slightly raised above, otherwise venation obscure, petioles 5-12 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, pyramidal, 9-20 cm long, glabrous or scattered pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, pedicels 1-3 mm long, bracts absent. Calyx glabrous, tube c 0.7 mm long, lobes obscure, very shallowly triangular. Corolla white, tube 1.5 mm long, lobes c 1.2 × 0.8 mm. Stamens 2, exserted, anthers 1 mm long. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, styles c 1.2 mm long, stigmas c 0.4 mm long. Fruit a berry, ellipsoid, slightly asymmetrical, about 9 mm long and 6 mm broad.

No Data

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, bark ash-coloured or greyish-brown, warty, vertically fissured, sometimes peeling off in flakes, blaze brown. Leaves very variable, 5.5-15.0 × 2-6 cm, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, acuminate or cuneate at the base, margin entire or remotely and sharply serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves 8-12 on each side of the midvein, impressed above, prominent beneath, subparallel, arcuate, petioles 4-11 mm long. Inflorescence axillary or supra-axillary, lax, paniculate. Flowers small, greenish-white or cream-coloured, dioecious, both sexes pedicelled, the males forming ample glabrous cymose panicles, the females in short racemes, forming a simple, brachiate, long peduncled panicle in the axils of leaves. Calyx cupular, c 1 mm long, glabrous, lobes 4, triangular, acute. Corolla 4-lobed, lobes 1.5 mm across, triangular-ovate, subacute. Stamens 2, included, filaments short, anthers horizontal. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, styles short, stigmas capitate, 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe, c 1.0 × 0.7 cm, ovoid to ellipsoid, blue when ripe.

A small tree, nearly glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong, acuminate, entire, base cuneate, coriaceous, 11.0 × 1.2 cm, parallel sided, nerves obscure, petioles 6 mm long. Panicles 5 cm long, axillary, obscurely pubescent, brachiate, bracts minute. Flowers dioecious, both male and female without corolla, but one or two hermaphrodite flowers (without corolla) seen at the base of the female panicles, 8-10 cm long, pedicels very small. Calyx minute, less than 3 mm long, subtruncate, ciliate. Anthers subsessile, oblong. Ovary glabrous, styles short, stigmas short, bifid. Fruit a drupe, 2.5 × 1.2 cm, endocarp bony. Seeds albuminous.

An evergreen tree, up to 15 m tall, young shoots glabrescent or pubescent, bark greyish brown, rough. Leaves 8-18 × 3.0-5.5 cm, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, acuminate to long acute at the apex, acute to obtuse at the base, margin entire or dentate-serrate, especially in the upper half, primary veins 6-8 on each side of the midrib, petioles 3-15 mm long, glabrous or puberulent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, paniculate, 6-15 cm long, ultimate branches subumbellate, glabrous or puberulent. Flowers small, dioecious, yellowish-white, pedicels 0.5-3.0 mm long. Calyx c 1 mm long, glabrous or puberulent, ciliolate. Corolla tube 1.5-4.0 mm long, lobes c 1 mm long, rounded, hooded. Stamens 2, anthers broadly ellipsoid, 0.5-1.0 mm long, subsessile at the base of corolla tube. Ovary rounded-conical, 1-2 mm long, styles short, stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe, ovoid to ellipsoid, the size of a small pea, glabrous.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. Leaves alternate, simple, very variable in shape i.e. ovate, oblong, lanceolate or obovate, 5.5-2.5 × 1.5-9.0 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base shortly attenuate or attenuate, margin entire, membranous, glabrous, covered on both surfaces with numerous raised pustules, petioles 1-8 mm long. Flowers greenish, faintly scented, bisexual, axillary or slightly supra-axillary slender racemes. Perianth yellowish, lobes 3-4, ovate. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth lobes, filaments as long as the perianth tube, anthers oval, staminodes absent. Ovary superior, unilocular, styles short, stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-seeded glabrous drupe, orange-red. Seeds pendulous, cotyledons ternate.

A small tree, up to 5 m tall. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, imparipinnate, rachis pubescent, leaflets 7-19 jugate, subopposite, 1.2-8.0 × 2 cm, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, pubescent beneath. Flowers 1.5-2.0 cm long, heterostylous. Sepals 5, 0.5-0.6 cm long, united at the base, unequal, elliptic to lanceolate or spathulate, acute to obtuse, persistent, yellowish-red to purplish, sparsely appressed, puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Petals 5, 0.8-1.5 cm long, united at the base, lanceolate-spathulate, glabrous inside, purplish to red. Stamens 10, all fertile, 5 longer up to 1.3 cm long, the shorter ones c 0.7 cm long, anthers oblong, dorsifixed. Carpels 5, united, ovary 5-celled, 0.3-0.4 cm long, densely strigose, styles slender, 0.2 cm long with 5, capitate to hooded stigmas. Fruits 7.0-7.7 × 3.0-3.2 cm long, more or less uniformly narrowed at both ends, obtuse, faintly 5-angled, puberulous to glabrous, light yellow at maturity. Seeds up to 12 in number, 0.5-0.7 × 0.4-0.5 cm, exarillate.

A medium-sized tree usually with drooping branches. Leaves petiolate, alternate, pinnately compound, imparipinnate, leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire, acute, slightly oblique, subopposed, glaucous on the upper surface and puberulous beneath. Flowers usually in the axillary panicles, pedicellate, bisexual. Sepals 5, c 0.4 cm long, united at the base, bright red, half as long as the petals, ovate-oblong to triangular, acute to obliquely emarginate, subglabrous. Petals 5, up to 0.9 cm long, obovate to lanceolate, united at the base, purplish-pink, glabrous outside. The longer stamens 0.3-0.4 cm long, usually all antheriferous, the shorter ones c 0.1 cm long, antherless, filaments subulate, often with a little swollen base. Ovary 5-celled, 0.2-0.3 cm long, puberulous mainly on the angles, the longer styles c 0.2 cm long, the shorter ones 0.1 cm long or almost obscure. Fruits up to 12 × 7 cm, ovoid to ellipsoid, sharply 5-angled or lobed, grooved at both ends but more towards the apical end. Seeds 1.0-1.2 × 0.5 cm, ovoid to elliptic, arillate.

No Data

A robust shrub. Stem bushy or erect, up to 3-4 m long, glossy green to brown, branching from various regions of stem. Leaves c 100 × 6-8 cm, drooping, large incurved spine both in margin and on the midrib, spines in midrib opposite. Male inflorescence white, fragrant, spathe white. Fruits large, pineapple-like, drooping, drupes confluent in groups of 5-8, woody, 3-5 cm long, top subulate, with a depressed centre, bearing small variously lobulate stigma, orange-yellow to red when ripe.

A clump-forming bushy shrub, highly polymorphic, clumps form compact bush in marshy places, grows singly with long narrow leaves and less spines when in dry shady hill slopes. Stem slender, about 20-50 cm long. Leaves c 1 m × 3-5 cm, very compactly arranged, margin strongly spinous, lower ones with oppositely curved spines. Male inflorescence in pale yellow spathe, flowers white, anthers c 1 cm long. Female inflorescence mostly solitary in long spathe. Fruits syncarpous, compactly attached, globose to subglobose on distinct peduncle, drupes arrow headed, steeply domed, gradually tapering into long style, red when ripe.

An arboreous plant, 3-7 m high, stilt roots at the base, dichotomously branched above. Leaves not so compact, with drooping tendency, c 100-200 × 6-8 cm, marginal spine flattened and spreading, lower spines curved, spathes golden-yellow, coriaceous. Stamens 8-14, filaments united with fleshy tube, longer than the anthers. Female inflorescence of 1-5 syncarps in compact pendent spike, style small, persistent, flattened or bifid. Fruit an oblong or ellipsoid drupe, 15-25 × 10-13 cm, fleshy, 5-6 angled, narrowly ovoid, face smooth, reddish-orange when ripe.

No Data

A large shrub or small tree, up to 11 m tall, sparsely tomentose. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate to elliptic, 6-12 × 2.0-3.5 cm, papery, drying bluish, greyish-green above, brownish below, cuspidate to caudate at the apex, cuneate at the base, basal glands absent, margin undulate to crenulate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish-grey, lower surface puberulous, glabrescent, disc-like glands few, venation prominent on both sides, lateral nerves 5-7 on either half, petioles 6-8 mm long, reniform, tomentose, stipules 3.0-4.0 × 1.0-1.5 mm, ovate, caducous. Inflorescence axillary. Staminate inflorescence 2-5 together, 6-14 mm long, sparsely puberulous, peduncles c 0.5 mm long, bracts inconspicuous, glomerules mostly indistinct. Staminate flowers 0.4-0.6 mm long, sessile, red to purple, sepals 4, obovate, c 0.4 mm long, puberulous, stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.4-0.6 mm long, anthers c 0.2 mm long, pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescence 1-3 together, 2-5 mm long, puberulous, bracts triangular, c 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.5-2.5 mm long, sessile to subsessile, sepals 4, ovate, 0.4-0.7 mm long, ovary 2-celled, puberulous, stigma 1.5-2.5 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits ovoid, slightly beaked, 9-12 × 5-7 mm, green tinged red to yellow to brown, drying dark brown to black, sparsely hairy, not fleshy. Seeds 6.0-7.5 × 4.5-4.0 mm, covered with a thin, fleshy, juicy aril.

A large deciduous tree, with tall cylindric trunk and often of great girth with a spreading crown, bark dark brown outside, reddish inside, exuding reddish gum in thin parallel lines. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate, leaflets 7.5-15.0 cm long, elliptic or ovate-oblong, acuminate, usually crenate, glabrous, lateral nerves 6-8 on either half, slender, terminal leaflets much longer, petioles 7.5-20.0 cm long. Flowers greenish, dioecious. Male flowers: shortly pedicellate, corolla segments 5, obtuse, concave, concealing the anthers, stamens 5, anthers globular, pistillode present in the form of a flat disc. Female flowers: pedicellate, sepals ovate, caducous, styles linear, entire, ovary 3-4 celled, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a globose baccate, fleshy, exuding a gummy juice when squeezed, brown when fully ripe, supported by a thickened pedicel. Seeds smooth, shining.

No Data

A small tree, up to 8 m tall, branches spreading, bark greyish-brown, fissured, inside red with white streaks. Leaves stipulate, stipules oblong, petiolate, petioles 3-5 mm long, leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 8-15 × 3-6 cm, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded to shallowly cordate at the base, coriaceous, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, densely along the nerves, greenish abaxially, reddish-brown when dry, lateral veins 7-12 pairs. Flowers in supra-axillary cymes, pedunculate, golden. Male flowers with pedicels 4-7 mm long, sepals 6, pubescent, ovate-oblong, stamens 6, connate into a column. Female flowers fascicled, subsessile or shortly pedicelled, pedicels pubescent, sepals 6, rusty-pubescent, purplish inside, ovary 6-celled, ovoid-globose, pubescent, styles connate into a short cylindrical column, c 0.5 mm long, stigma 3-5 lobed, lobes conical or subulate, erect. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, c 8 mm in diameter, fruiting pedicels 6.0-8.5 mm long.

A shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branchlets glabrous, angled, bark greyish, thin, blaze reddish, fibrous. Leaves stipulate, stipules triangular, 2 mm long, petiolate, petioles 2-5 mm long, papery or subleathery, leaf blade broadly elliptic, ovate to lanceolate, 7.5-15.0 × 3.0-4.5 cm, base obliquely cuneate, often rounded on one side, apex acuminate or shortly so, entire, glabrous on both surfaces, brownish beneath when dry, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, prominent beneath. Flowers androgynous, in axillary clusters, many-flowers per cluster, with numerous male flowers and few female flowers. Male flowers: pedicellate, pedicels 9-18 mm long, slender, sepals 6, oblong or obovate-oblong, pubescent outside, stamens 3, connate, anthers oblong-ovoid, connectives cuspidate. Female flowers: pedicels 2-5 mm long, sepals as in male, ovary globose, 3-4 locular, pubescent to glabrous, stylar column conical, glabrous. Fruit a capsule, 4-12 per axil, densely clustered, depressed-globose, 7-9 mm in diameter, usually 4-lobed, pubescent, with minute persistent style. Seeds hemispherical, red.

An evergreen tree, all parts quite glabrous, or the young angular branchlets sprinkled with a few bristles. Leaves stipulate, stipules triangular, petiolate, petioles c 2-3 mm long, leaf blade lanceolate, sometimes somewhat falcate, 5-8 cm long, apex acuminate, base very acute and decurrent on the petioles, thinly coriaceous, quite glabrous, rather shining on both surfaces, greenish or brown when dry, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, distinct on the upper surface, raised on the lower. Flowers small, clustered in the axils of the leaves or above the scars of the fallen ones. Male flowers numerous in a cluster, pedicels long, slender, sepals broadly ovate, blunt, imbricate, petals absent, stamens 3, connate into a column, shorter than the sepals, anthers 2-locular, linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers much smaller than the male flowers, subsessile in dense capitate cluster, calyx shortly 6-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, petals absent, ovary 4-6 celled, glabrous, style globosely 4-6 lobed, much larger and broader than the ovary, glabrous, the stylar column almost conical, thick, short. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, smooth, 4-6 coccus.

A large evergreen tree, branchlets tomentose. Leaves alternate, stipulate, stipules triangular, petiolate, petioles 2-3 mm long, leaf blade elliptic or oblong, 5-13 cm long, obtuse, acute or cuspidate at the apex, acute at the base, coriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath, lateral nerves slender. Flowers in axillary clusters. Male flowers small, shortly pedicelled, pedicels slender, sepals 6 in 2-series, imbricate, hoary-pubescent, stamens 3, connate into a column, shorter than the sepals, anthers extrorse, dehiscing longitudinally, disc lacking. Female flowers pedicellate, pedicels longer than the male, stout, sepals 6, biseriate, narrow, ovary 4-5 celled with 2 ovules in each cell, globose, styles slender, clavate, truncate, pubescent, exserted, twice the length of the sepals. Fruit a capsule, depressed, 8-10 lobed, distinctly grooved, c 7 mm in diameter, glabrous.

A shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall, branchlets brownish, densely villous. Leaves stipulate, stipules lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, petiolate, petioles 5-8 mm long, pubescent, leaf blade ovate, oblong-ovate or oblong, 6-15 × 4-7 cm, apex obtuse, acute or subacute, base shallowly cordate, truncate or rounded, coriaceous, often drying brown beneath, glabrous at age adaxially, densely pubescent abaxially, lateral veins 6-10 pairs. Inflorescence usually pedunculate and supra-axillary, but apparently sometimes sessile and axillary. Flowers rather large, peduncles 3-6 mm long, pubescent. Male flower: pedicels 8-12 mm long, slender, sepals 6, biseriate, oblong or obovate, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, stamens 4-5, connate into a short column, anthers extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers: pedicels 2-4 mm long, sepals 6, ovate or broadly ovate, c 2.5 mm long, ovary globose, c 2 mm in diameter, pubescent, 5-6 locular, stylar-column subconical, truncate at the apex. Fruit a capsule, subglobose or somewhat depressed, 8-12 mm in diameter, pubescent, very shallowly 6-8 lobed. Seeds hemispherical.

A rigid glabrous shrub, 2-5 m tall, branchlets angular, bark fairly smooth, brownish, inside reddish-brown with white streaks. Leaves stipulate, stipules ovate-triangular, c 2 mm long, petiolate, petioles 3-6 mm long, stout, leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-11 × 3-4 cm, entire, abruptly acuminate, base oblique, inequilateral, rounded, obtuse or truncate, coriaceous, often greyish-green when dry, veins weakly prominent beneath, lateral veins 5-7 pairs. Flowers monoecious. Male flowers in axillary few-flowered clusters, pedicels 6-9 mm long, sepals 6, oblanceolate, obtuse, unequal, 3-4 mm long, stamens 3, connate into a short column, anthers extrorse, dehiscing longitudinally, connectives imbricate. Female flowers subsessile, pedicels stout, sepals 6, ovate-oblong, unequal, 3.5-4.0 mm long, ovary globose, glabrous, 3-4 celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style a long exserted column, usually 2-3 times the length of the sepal, subcylindric, with 3 erect blunt lobes. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, c 8 mm in diameter, glabrous, intruded at the apex and the base, 4-6 lobed, with persistent style, 3-4 mm long, reddish when ripe. Seeds hemispherical.

A small to medium-sized, glabrous, evergreen tree with spreading crown, up to 12 m tall, branchlets somewhat angular, bark greyish or greyish-brown, reticulately fissured, blaze greenish-brown. Leaves stipulate, stipules triangular-lanceolate, 2.5-3.0 mm long, petiolate, petioles 4-8 mm long, leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, 6-18 × 3-7 cm, bluntly acuminate at the apex, base acute or cuneate, slightly decurved, subequibilateral, entire, rigidly coriaceous when mature, dark green adaxially, yellowish-green when dry, lateral veins 5-10 pairs. Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Male flowers with pedicels 6-9 mm long, glabrous, sepals 6, obovate or obovate-oblong, c 3 mm long, yellow, stamens 4-6, anthers extrorse. Female flowers sessile or nearly so, sepals 6, biseriate, outer ones larger than the inner, outer ones ovate, inner ones narrowly ovate, 2-3 mm long, ovary 6-8 locular with 2 ovules in each locule, globose, densely pubescent, style conical, subtruncate at the apex. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 12-18 × 7-10 mm, apex usually concave and puberulous to glabrous, 6-8 lobed, smooth.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, branchlets glabrous or puberulous, sometimes prickly with thickened stipules, twigs angular, bark brownish, peeling off in thin, papery transparent flakes, tuberculated or warty, blaze reddish. Leaves stipulate, stipules 2-4 mm long, acuminate, petiolate, petioles 1-4 mm long, leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, 4.0-9.5 × 1.5-3.0 cm, subacute or bluntly apiculate, base cuneate, shining, entire, coriaceous, pale and glabrous or rarely pubescent beneath, often yellow-green above when dry, lateral veins 5-8 pairs. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, on short, stout pedicels, both male and females clustered in the leaf axils. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels 5-8 mm long, slender, sepals 6, biseriate, stamens extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent, anthers usually 6. Female flowers with pedicels 3-5 mm long, stout, sepals 6 or more, glabrous, ovary 10-15 celled, glabrous, style a hollow grooved cone on top of the ovary. Fruit a capsule, strongly depressed-globose, 10-15 lobed, 1.5-2.4 cm in diameter, base and apex intruded. Seeds red.

A small evergreen tree, up to 5 m tall, branchlets slender, finely tomentose, bark reddish-brown, fibrous. Leaves stipulate, stipules lanceolate, filiform, petiolate, petioles very short, pubescent, leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 × 2.0-4.5 cm, base rounded or subacute, inequilateral, apex obtuse or acute, coriaceous, glabrous above, glaucous and sparsely pubescent beneath, brownish when dry, lateral veins 4-8 pairs, slender. Flowers in axillary clusters. Male flowers small, yellowish, pubescent, pedicels 8-12 mm long, filiform, sepals 6, biseriate, outer larger, obovate or subspathulate, pubescent outside, those of inner series narrower, spathulate, pubescent, stamens 4-6, connate, connectives free. Female flowers minute, very shortly pedicelled, tomentose, pedicels 1-2 mm long, sepals as in the male but inner sepals pubescent on both surfaces, ovary broadly ovoid, tomentose, 4-5 celled, style a short column, stout, minutely 6-7 toothed. Fruit a capsule, on a stout stalk, subglobose-depressed, 1.5-2.0 cm long, pubescent, obscurely 5-6 lobed, pubescent.

No Data

A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 18 m tall, bark greyish-brown, corky, fibrous, branchlets pendulous, glabrous. Leaves stipulate, stipules 2-3 mm long, subtriangular, petiolate, petioles 4-9 mm long, leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 × 2-4 cm, long acuminate, often slightly curved, base oblique, inequilateral, acute or rounded, thinly coriaceous, shiny, somewhat purplish-green beneath, grey-brown when dry, glabrous or glabrescent on both surfaces, lateral veins 6-10 pairs. Flowers monoecious, small, in axillary clusters, male in lower axils, female in higher axils, or male and female mixed in central axils. Male flowers: pedicels 5-7 mm long, slender, sepals 6, obovate or elliptic, c 2 mm long, yellowish, stamens 3, connate, connectives acute. Female flowers: densely fascicled, pedicels 2-3 mm long, sepals 6, ovate or ovate-triangular, outer larger than the inner, ovary ovoid, 4-6 locular, glabrous, 1 mm in diameter, style-column almost spherical and minute, constricted round the base, c 2 mm across. Fruit a capsule, 8-12 lobed, c 9 mm in diameter, depressed in congested fascicles of 6-10 tubercles, with subglobose style in depressed apex.

A glabrous shrub or a small tree with spreading crown, 1-3 m tall, bark greyish, thick, inside reddish, fibrous, branchlets angular. Leaves stipulate, stipules ovate-triangular, c 3 mm long, thick, hard when dry, petiolate, petioles 2-4 mm long, leaf blade elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-14 × 2-4 cm, shortly and bluntly acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base, inequilateral, thinly coriaceous, green and glabrous above, glaucous beneath, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, slender, slightly elevated and reddish. Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters, male 1-3 and female many, mixed in axils. Male flowers minute, shortly pedicellate, pedicels 3-4 mm long, slender, sepals 6, elliptic, equal, stamens 3, connate, connective short. Female flowers numerous with longer pedicels, pedicels 8-14 mm long, sepals 6, elliptic-ovate, minute, ovary depressed-globose, 3-4 locular, ovules 2 in each locule, style as broad as ovary, obovate, fleshy. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 3-4 lobed, c 1.2 cm in diameter, apex depressed and with a persistent obovate style-column. Seeds hemispherical, red.

A small evergreen tree, up to 10 m high, branchlets, leaves and flowers softly tomentose, bark brownish, rough, blaze reddish. Leaves stipulate, stipules triangular-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm long, acute, petiolate, petioles 2-3 mm long, thinly coriaceous, leaf blade orbicular, ovate, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 3.5-10.5 × 2.5-6.0 cm, acute to subacute or shortly obtusely acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded-cuneate at the base, glabrescent above, tomentose beneath, lateral nerves 4-7 pairs, tertiary nerves sub-parallel, faint. Flowers small, androgynous, in axillary clusters. Male flowers with pedicels 4-8 mm long, slender, sepals 6, oblong-lanceolate, biseriate, 2-3 mm long, obtuse, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, stamens 3, staminal column c 1.5 mm long, with 3 separate conical produced connectives. Female flowers pedicellate, pedicels 1-2 mm long, in fruits up to 6 mm long, sepals as in the male but shorter, persistent, ovary globose, 4-7 locular, c 1 mm in diameter, pubescent towards the top, styles fused into a column, shallowly 4-7 toothed at the apex, pubescent. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose to discoid, 8-14 lobed, c 4 × 9 mm, usually with persistent styles. Seeds irregularly obovoid, smooth, shiny, red.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. Leaves stipulate, stipules c 1 mm long, triangular, persistent, petiolate, petioles 3-8 mm long, glabrous, coriaceous, leaf blade oblong, ovate-oblong or ovate, sometimes oblong-elliptic, 4-18 × 4-8 cm, rounded at the apex, at times emarginate, base cordate, subcordate, truncate or rounded, slightly oblique, glabrous, greenish above, grey beneath, lateral veins 6-13 pairs. Flowers in axillary clusters or composed into short, supra-axillary, pedunculate cymes, usually female flowers inserted at upper part of branchlets while male flowers inserted at lower part of branchlets. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels 6-9 mm long, sepals 5-6, c 2.5 × 2.0 mm, ovate-oblong, fleshy, rounded at the apex, glabrous, stamens 5-6, filaments free, anthers linear, extrorse. Female flowers with sepals as in the male, ovary subglobose to globose, 5-6 locular, styles very short, stout, connate into a short column, shallowly lobed or toothed, caducous. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 5-8 locular, obscurely lobed, glabrous. Seeds hemispherical, reddish.

A deciduous glabrous tree, up to 10 m tall, branches stout, leafless, with slender deciduous leafy branchlets towards ends. Leaves alternate, stipulate, stipules lanceolate, c 1 mm long, petiolate, petioles 2-3 mm long, distichous, leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 × 1-4 cm, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous, pale-coloured beneath. Flowers minute, red, in dense clusters forming slender, glabrous, interrupted racemes in the axils of the leaves or more usually arising along the stem and branches from reduced tubercle-shaped branchlets. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels slender, 1-3 mm long, sepals 4, orbicular, c 1 mm long, disc glands usually 4, stamens 4, free, 2 shorter. Female flowers few, sepals 4, c 1.5 mm long, disc glands 4, kidney-shaped, staminodes usually present, ovary 3-4 celled, glabrous, styles 4, free, bifid, recurved. Fruit a drupe, depressed-globose, 1.0-1.5 × 1.5-2.2 cm, 6-8 lobed, greenish-yellow to whitish.

A monoecious, glabrous or pubescent, deciduous tree, up to 20 m tall, bark grey, smooth, branches tawny-pubescent. Leaves stipulate, stipules triangular, 0.8-1.6 mm long, attenuate to acuminate, ciliolate, brown, petiolate, petioles 0.3-0.7 mm long, distichous, leaf blade oblong or linear-oblong, 8-20 × 2-6 mm, obtuse, shallowly cordate and slightly oblique at the base, margin thickened and inrolled, firmly chartaceous, lateral veins 4-9 pairs, sometimes indistinct, light green above, somewhat greyish beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes, all male flowers or many male flowers and a single female flower per cyme. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels 1-3 mm long, slender, sepals 6, membranous, 1.2-2.5 × 0.5-1.0 mm, oblong-obovate or spathulate, subequal, obtuse or rounded, entire, yellowis-green, with a pale hyaline margin, stamens 3, filaments coherent into a central column, 0.3-0.7 mm long, anthers erect, oblong, 0.5-0.9 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent, disk glands 6, smooth, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter. Female flowers: pedicels c 0.8 mm long, sepals 6, oblong or spathulate, 1.5-2.5 × 0.7-1.3 mm, obtuse or rounded, entire, disc c 1 mm in diameter, ovary ovoid, smooth, 3-celled, styles 3, stout, fleshy, 1.5-4.0 mm long, connate at the base, apex deeply bifid. Fruits subglobose, c 2.5 cm in diameter, smooth, succulent, greenish or yellowish-white. Seeds trigonous or plano-convex, 3-6 × 2-3 mm, smooth, chestnut-brown.

A much-branched shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall, bark peeling or flaking, greyish-brown, young branchlets, leaves and pedicels puberulous or glabrous, yellowish. Leaves stipulate, stipules subulate-lanceolate, 0.8-1.5 mm long, acuminate, truncate at the base, brownish, petiolate, petioles 1.4-3.5 mm long, chartaceous, leaf blade varying in shape, mostly elliptic to ovate, 15-30 × 6-12 mm, obtuse to rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, lateral veins 5-9 pairs, slightly raised beneath, tertiary veins reticulate, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, with 1-2 female and several male flowers per node. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels 5-10 mm long, delicate, sepals 5-6, unequal, 0.7-1.5 × 0.5-1.2 mm, elliptic to suborbicular-obovate, entire, disc glands 5, scale-like, 0.5 mm in diameter, stamens 5, unequal, outer 2 free, short, inner 3 usually united at least at the base, longer, filaments stout, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers with pedicels 3-7 mm long, slender, sepals 5-6, in 2 or 3 series, unequal, 1.5-1.8 × 0.8-1.2 mm, oblong-elliptic or suborbicular, disc glands 5-6, free, oblong or obovate, flattened, ovary 4-12 celled, smooth, c 1 mm across, styles free, bifid at the apex, lobes linear, revolute and connivent over the top of the ovary. Fruits globose to oblate, c 4-6 mm in diameter, smooth, baccate, black with dark purplish at maturity. Seeds trigonous, 1.5-2.0 mm long, faintly reticulate, brown.

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Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h. in native range; bark gray or pale reddish brown, fissured and shed in large, flat, wide plates; crown ovoid or irregularly shaped; branchlets initially green and glaucous, aging orange-brown, producing a few short nodes each year; winter buds cylindric, scales white fringed at margin. Needles (2 or)3 per bundle, usually 4 or 5 per bundle on young trees, dull green or pale yellow-green, 15-30 cm × ca. 1.5 mm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, resin canals (2 or)3 or 4(-8), internal, base with persistent sheath 1-1.5 cm, margin serrulate. Seed cones almost terminal, ovoid-cylindric, 5-10(-12) × 3-6 cm, often leaving a few basal scales. Seed scales reflexed or spreading; apophyses lustrous, tan or reddish brown, swollen, cross keeled; umbo slightly projecting, ending in a straight, minute prickle. Seeds usually narrowly mottled gray or light brown, rhombic-ovoid, 6-7 mm; wing dull gray, 2-2.5 cm, usually remaining attached.

A small or moderate-sized tree, 30-45 m high, with pyramidal crown when young, spreading or rounded on older trees, branches whorled, bark reddish-brown, thick and deeply reticulately fissured, peeling off in thick plates. Leaves in bundles of three, rarely in pairs, 10-25 cm long, slender, apex tapering to a long fine point, margins finely serrate, green, basal sheaths 5-18 mm long, greyish-brown. Cones solitary, in pairs, or occasionally in threes, 5-8 cm long, c 5 cm across, ovoid, symmetrical, bright brown, stalks c 0.5 cm long, stiff, scales woody, in spirals of 8-5, thickened towards the apex, with a blunt knob at the end. Seeds 5-8 × c 3 mm, with a blunt-tipped wing, 4 times the length of the seed.

Resinous tree up to 30 m tall, often free from branches to a considerable height; bark grey to reddish brown, fissured and eventually shed in large flat wide plates. Leaves usually in 3's, rarely 4's or 5's, crowded at ends of branches, usually falling in second year, light or yellowish green, linear, rigid, apex a horny point, margin serrulate, 15-25 cm long, basal sheath persistent, light brown becoming dark brown or blackish, 1-2 cm long. Male stroboli numerous in sessile clusters, 1-3 cm long. Cones subterminal, reflexed, conical, 5-10 cm × 2.5-3.5 cm when closed, deciduous, scales tan or reddish brown, spreading or reflexed, swollen, ending in a minute prickle less than 1 mm long; seeds usually mottled grey or light brown, narrowly ovoid, approximately 6 mm long, with a well developed, usually persistent wing approximately 2.5 cm long

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Moderately to densely tufted, sympodial bamboo. Young shoots blackish-green, covered with blackish hairs, tip acute, blade erect, tightly imbricating. Culms dull greyish-green, silvery-brown pubescent when young, 12-20 m tall, 2.5-10.0 cm in diameter at the base, wall more than 2 cm thick, 6th-8th internodes generally longest, the longest internodes 18-30 cm long, internodes sometimes slightly sulcated. Nodes slightly greater in diameter than the internodes, remnants of aerial roots up to 5th node, circular band of fine whitish-brown pubescence both above and below the nodes. Branch buds triangular, 4-5 cm broad, angles blunt, covered by single prophyllum, the tip portion of the prophyllum becomes slightly folded and keeled. Branches from all nodes from the base upwards, sometimes branches at lower nodes small and become recurved into slender spine-like structure. Culm sheaths green when young, deciduous, fall off at the time of branch emergence, sheaths of lower internodes much shorter and broader than those of the upper internodes, 17-35 cm long and 14-40 cm wide at the base, sheath proper oblong-elongated, 14-25 cm long, tip of the sheath proper gradually tapering and rounded, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface covered with blackish broken hairs, small lateral split from one side, margin along one edge ciliated and on the other edge only ciliated towards the tip, ligule continuous with the sheath top, denticulate, auricles absent, sometimes blade decurrent into very little ciliated auricle-like process, blades 6-8 × 6-7 cm, conical, placed covering almost the whole top of the sheath, base oblique to rounded, tip acute to acuminate, margin ciliated, adaxial surface covered with brown or blackish-brown pubescence. Leaves in complements of 8-10 blades, leaf sheaths covered with brown hairs, slightly keeled on the back, ligulate, petioles about 5 mm long, blades oblong-lanceolate, 9-30 × 2.0-4.5 cm, base rounded, tip acuminate, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 7-9 pairs, tertiary veins 4-7 between secondary pairs, margin ciliated. Flowering branches up to 82 cm long, pubescent to glabrous, usually leafless, rarely leafy. Pseudo-spikelets many from a single node, up to 1.5 cm long, ovoid, lanceolate to flattened subtended by two prophylls, fertile florets 4-6, almost sessile, terminated by an imperfect floret on a flattened rachilla. Lemma about 10 mm long, boat-shaped, mucronate, ciliated along margin, many-veined, transverse veinlets between them. Palea smaller than lemma, c 9 mm long, shortly ciliated along the keels, indistinctly 2-3 veined between the keels. Lodicules ovate or obovate, 3-5 veined, ciliated along the edge. Filaments short, anthers about 5 mm long, dehiscence laterally, connective ending in a short point, sometimes the point hairy. Ovary ovoid, acuminate, hairy with a hairy style, stigmas 3, plumose.

Densely tufted, sympodial bamboo. Young shoots deep purple with very few white stripes, glabrous, blades erect, tip blunt, tip of the growing shoots become blackish to yellowish with ciliated curled auricles. Culms dull to deep green, 10-30 m tall, 2.5-9.0 cm in diameter at the base, 5th-8th internodes generally longest, the longest internodes 15-30 cm long, sulcated, flattened in one side in young culms, culm wall thick with a small lumen or almost solid on the upper part of the culm or distal parts of the branches. Nodes comparatively greater in diameter than the internodes, nodal line single, dipping, remnants of sheath fibers present on the nodal line, a whitish or brownish band of white pubescence above node in young culms, supra-nodal line present. Branch buds ovate-triangular with broad base and elongated tip, c 3 cm long and 3-4 cm wide at the base, laterally 2-keeled towards the apex, ciliated along the keels. Branches mostly throughout the culm, central dominant, thorny, thorns curved, up to 4.5 cm long, generally 3 from each branch node. Culm sheaths dark maroon striping, appressed, succulent and leathery, sheath proper elongated to cylindrical, up to 25 cm long, margin plaited, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous to pubescent with blackish hairs with a dense rings of hairs at the base, ciliated, auricles inconspicuous, if present ciliated bordering the top of the sheath, blades erect, 4-12 cm long, up to 6 cm wide at the base, adaxial surface densely covered with thick black or blackish-brown appressed hairs, producing a felt-like appearance. Leaves in complements of 8-10 blades, leaf sheaths slightly keeled, auricled, auricles bristled, petioles very short, blades lanceolate to linear, 6-22 × 1.0-3.5 cm, tip acute, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 4-6 pairs, tertiary veins 5-7 between secondary pairs. Flowering branches many from a single node, up to 25 cm long (sometimes up to 60 cm long), flowers initiate in leafy branches but ultimately the branches become leafless, bearing cluster of pseudo-spikelets in alternate nodes. Pseudo-spikelets sessile, subtending bracts caducous, up to 2.5 cm long, flattened, glabrous except the prominent ciliated edge of the palea. Florets 5-7, longer upwards, the lower one fertile and upper few abortive, the terminal one imperfect, rachilla obconical, in some minutely ciliated at the edge and long cilia at the top. Lemma c 8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, sometimes ciliated along the edge. Palea c 9 mm long, subacute, 2-4 veined between the keels, ciliated along the keels. Lodicules c 1.5 mm long, fimbriate. Stamens exserted, anthers c 5 mm long, obtuse, sometimes with an apiculate bristle. Ovary c 1 mm long, elliptic-oblong, style short, stigmas 3, plumose. Caryopsis c 4 mm long, oblong, ending in a short beak by the end of the style.

Loosely tufted, sympodial bamboo. Young shoots dull green to slight brownish, black hairs and blooms on the sheath back, blades erect, auricles loosely imbricating, blackish-green with cilia. Culms dull green, matured one yellowish, strong, nearly solid, glabrous, white floury powdery mass at least in young culms, 8-15 m tall, 3-5 cm in diameter at the base, generally 4th-6th internodes longest, the longest internodes 45-60 cm long, not sulcated. Nodes not much swollen, generally parallel with the internode, nodal line single, horizontal to slightly dipping, nodal ridge not distinct, lower 2-3 nodes with root verticils, generally no transverse band either above or below the node. Branch buds on the nodal line, ovate, 1.5-2.0 × 1.5-2.0 cm, keeled towards the upper half, ciliated along the keels, the abaxial prophyllum splits longitudinally. Culm sheaths deciduous at the time of branch emergence, sheath proper 8-25 cm long, 8-12 cm wide at the base, attenuated upward and rounded at the top, lateral sides oblique, abaxial surface with shiny black deciduous stinging hairs and white powders when young, bearing stiff soft deciduous hairs at the base when young, ligule continuous with the top, 2-3 mm wide, entire to dentate, auricles 2, unequal, usually both at the top of the sheath, one erect and the other decurrent, both fringed with long curved bristles, blades of the mid-culm internodes generally shorter than the sheath proper, 6-10 cm wide at the base, rounded and cordate at the base, tip acuminate, adaxial surface appressed with brownish-black hairs. Leaves in complements of 8-12, leaf sheaths mostly glabrous, slightly keeled on the back, when young auricled, auricles falcate with bristles, fall off when mature, petioles twisted, c 5 mm long, blades linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-30 × 1.5-3.5 cm, base rounded to oblique, tip acuminate, adaxial surface pale green, glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, green, puberulent, secondary veins 7-10 pairs, tertiary veins 6-7 between each secondary pair. Flowering branches 2 to many from a single node of the main culm, up to 50 cm long, both leafy and leafless, bearing 1-4 pseudo-spikelets in clusters from each node of flowering branch. Pseudo-spikelets both sterile and fertile, up to 6 cm long, cylindrical, each subtended by 2 empty glumes, rachilla slender, glabrous, fertile florets 3-4 in each pseudo-spikelet followed by an imperfect floret. Lemma c 12 mm long, ovate, acute, mucronate, many-veined with transverse veinlets. Palea c 10 mm long, ovate, elliptic, 2-keeled, white ciliate along the keels, 4-5 veined between the keels, transverse veins distinct. Lodicules c 3 mm long, thickened at the base, 5-6 veined, obliquely truncate, fringed with cilia along the edge. Stamens 6, filaments exserted, anthers c 8 mm long, ending in an apiculate tip, dehiscence lateral. Ovary shortly stalked, c 1.5 mm long, cylindric to elliptic, hairy at the top, style short, stigma plumose. Caryopsis 8-14 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, hairy towards the apex, crowned with the style base, rounded on one side and flattened with a furrow on the other side.

Loosely tufted sympodial bamboo. Young shoots blackish-green, blade erect to deflexed (horizontal), densely covered with blackish-brown appressed hairs, tip stiff, auricles large, curled, ciliated with golden-silvery bristles. Culms dull green, covered with light rusty-brown or dark brownish-black pubescence, 15-20 m tall, 3-10 cm in diameter at the base, generally 6th-8th internodes longest, the longest internodes 40-70 cm long, no sulcation. Nodes slightly greater in diameter than the internodes, nodal line single, but sometimes 2 in some lower nodes, horizontal, with remnants of sheath scar, supra-nodal line absent. Branch buds c 2 cm long, oval-ellipsoidal with small apex, slightly keeled towards the apex, ciliated along the keels. Branches generally from the upper nodes, few slender from lower nodes, mid one strong, the laterals subequal. Culm sheaths deciduous, generally the blade detached from the sheath proper before falling of the whole sheath, matured sheath shiny-brown to rusty-brown, sheath proper 12-17 cm long and 16-35 cm wide at the base, attenuated upwards into a rounded top, lateral margin oblique, asymmetrical, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface covered with glossy blackish-brown hairs, ligule continuous with the sheath-top, very minutely ciliated along the margin, auricles 2, unequal, falcate, both the auricles continuous with the sheath and base of the blade, margin fringed with brown curly bristles, bristles glabrous, blades deciduous, 4-8 cm long, 4-12 cm wide above the base, abaxial surface sparsely hairy, adaxial surface covered with brown pubescence, base cordate, one side overlapping and the other side overlapped by the auricles, margin bristled towards the base, tip acuminate, cuspidate. Leaves in complements of 7-10 blades, generally 10, leaf sheaths glabrous, slightly keeled on the back, petioles short, c 5 mm long, blades linear-lanceolate, 10-22 × 1.0-1.5 cm, base rounded to oblique, tip acuminate, adaxial surface whitish-green, pubescent, abaxial surface dull green, glabrous, secondary veins 5-6 pairs, tertiary veins 6-8 pairs in between the secondary pairs. Flowering branches many from each node, up to 60 cm long, generally one pseudo-spikelet from each node of the branch in alternate arrangement, from some nodes the pseudo-spikelet proliferate from the base. Pseudo-spikelets 1.5-4.5 cm long, cylindrical, florets loosely arranged, some pseudo-spikelets covered by deciduous sheath, fertile florets 3-6, followed by imperfect terminal one, rachilla thick, club-shaped. Lemma 15-18 mm long, boat-shaped, tip mucronate, mucro ciliated, parallel veined, 3 veins in close set, tessellated between the veins. Palea c 15 mm long, 2-keeled, ciliated along the keels up to the lower half, the portion between the keels 5-6 veined, 4-veined between the keel and the edge, veins tessellated, palea tip extended beyond the keels, ciliated, tip of the keels slightly bent outward. Lodicules 3, almost ovate-lanceolate, ciliated, thick towards the base, 2 smaller and 1 larger, smaller one c 2 mm long, larger one c 3 mm long. Stamens 6, filaments exserted, anthers c 11 mm long, yellow with red tints, anther tip hairy in some florets, dehiscence lateral. Ovary c 2 mm long, obovate, 3-sided, hairy towards the top, style very short, hairy, stigmas 3, plumose, up to 3 mm long.

Moderately closely tufted, sympodial bamboo. Young shoots blackish-green, sheaths imbricating, blades erect, auricles of young sheaths blackish-brown with fine curled bristles. Culms when young deep green, thickly brown pubescent, glabrescent in the matured one, old culm dull green and thickly brown-pubescent, glabrescent in the matured state, 5-10 m tall, 3-5 cm in diameter at the base, culm wall 1.5-2.0 cm thick, 5th-8th internodes generally longest, the longest internodes 30-40 cm long, no sulcation. Nodes generally uniform, nodal line single, horizontal to slightly dipping, sheath scar uniform, no supra-nodal line. Branch buds ellipsoidal, c 1.5 cm long, tip obtuse, slightly keeled towards the apex, ciliated along the keels towards the top. Branches from above the mid-culm portion, branches 3-4 from each node, the mid one larger and the lateral subequal branches 100-150 cm long. Culm sheaths including blade 16-20 cm long, 12-14 cm broad at the base, leathery, fall off at the time of branch emergence, sheath proper 11-16 cm long, elongated, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface pubescent with brown hairs, attenuated towards the top, ligule continuous with the sheath top, wider in the middle, c 2 mm wide, margin very minutely ciliated, auricles 2, dissimilar, overlapped by the blade base, one elongated, bluntly conical, 1.0-1.5 cm long, directed upward, another to some extent falcate, 1.5-2.0 cm long, extended laterally or directed downward, margin fringed with brown wavy bristles, bristles glabrous, blades papery, 5-9 cm long, 5-8 cm wide at the base, ovate to cordate at the base, acuminate, bristled along the margin towards the base, both the surfaces pubescent, abaxial surface more hairy than the adaxial surface. Leaves in complements of 8-10 blades, leaf sheaths striate, slightly keeled on the back, ligulate, petioles c 8 mm long, bristly auricled in the young stage, later on deciduous, blades linear to lanceolate, 6-15 × 1-2 cm, base rounded to oblique, tip acuminate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface very minutely pubescent, secondary veins 6-7 pairs, tertiary veins 4-5 between secondary pairs. Flowering branches up to 40 cm long, glabrous, sometimes leafy. Pseudo-spikelets many from a single node, both fertile and sterile together, cylindrical, 1.0-1.3 cm long, subtended by prophyll, 2-3 prophylls subtending a bud, empty glumes boat-shaped, acute, fertile florets 3, followed by an imperfect terminal floret. Lemma 10-12 mm long, boat-shaped, acute to mucronate, parallel veined. Palea 8-10 mm long, tip extended beyond the keels, in some trifid at the apex, tip of the keels slightly separated, ciliated along the keels towards the top. Lodicules 1.0-1.5 mm long, ovate to lanceolate, ciliated along the edge. Filaments short, anthers c 6 mm long, tip obtuse, connective ending in a very slight point, dehiscence first apical then lateral. Ovary c 1.5 mm long, oblong-ovate, hairy above, style short, stigmas 3, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, c 5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, hairy at the top. Flowering:

Densely tufted, sympodial, crowns of matured culms spreading. Young shoots yellowish-green, white blooms on back of the sheaths, silvery bristles on the auricles, blades erect with acuminate tip. Culms dull green, glaucous, 3-6 m tall, 0.8-3.0 cm in diameter at the base, 5th and 6th internodes generally longest, the longest internodes 20-70 cm long, internodes slightly sulcated just above the node, branching profuse at the base of the culm. Nodes slightly greater than the internodes, nodal line single, horizontal, no distinct supra-nodal line. Branch buds ovate, c 2 cm long, 2-keeled, slightly ciliated along the keels. Branches from base to mid culms. Culm sheaths green when young, deciduous, conical including the blade, sheath proper 10-14 cm long, 12-15 cm broad at the base, asymmetrical, gradually tapering into an obtuse tip, both the surfaces glabrous, ligules continuous at the top of the sheath, up to 1 mm wide, entire, auricles 2, unequal, attached with the side of the sheath, free from the blade, margin with long bristles which are 4-7 mm long, blades conical, base cordate, acuminate, placed on the top of the sheath, base overlapping the top of the auricle, both the surfaces glabrous. Leaves in complements of 5-11, leaf sheaths glabrous, keeled on the back, auricled, auricles c 1.5 cm long and bristled, ligulate, petiolate, petioles c 5 mm long, blades lanceolate, 8.5-33.0 × 1.5-5.0 cm, acuminate, both surfaces glabrous, adaxial surface whitish-green, secondary veins 12-13 pairs, tertiary veins 5-7 between secondary pairs. Flowering branches up to 35 cm long, sometimes leafy. Pseudo-spikelets 2-4 from each node, both sterile and fertile, some subtended by a sheath, sterile spikelets 2-3 cm long, fertile pseudo-spikelets 3-4 florets fertile, terminal 3-5 florets aborted (becoming gradually stunted), represented by only convolute lemma or rachilla, rachilla flattened, articulated below the lemma. Lemma boat-shaped, c 21 mm long, glabrous. Palea c 16 mm long, 2-keeled, ciliated along the keels towards the upper end, tip truncate, 5-6 veined between the keels, 2-3 veined between the keel and the edge. Lodicules 3, asymmetrical, fimbriated, 2 larger, larger one c 6 mm long, thick towards the base, smaller one 3-4 mm long, ovate. Stamens 6, anthers c 8 mm long, slightly apiculate. Ovary c 3 mm long, stalked, stalk up to 2 mm long, hairy towards the top, style stout, stigmas 3, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, c 11 mm long, nearly obovate, attenuated towards the top.

Densely tufted, sympodial bamboo. Young shoots green with white powdery mass on it, no auricle, blade erect. Culms shrubby, yellowish-green, covered with white waxy powder, 2-5 m tall, 0.8-2.0 cm in diameter at the base, generally 3rd and 4th internodes longest, the longest internodes 20-30 cm long, no sulcation. Nodes slightly greater in diameter than the internodes, nodal line single, horizontal to slightly dipping, no supra-nodal line. Branch buds on the nodal line, ovate, 2-keeled, slightly ciliated along the keels. Branches from mid-culm nodes, only the central one and two lateral ones greater in size than the remaining ones, the whole form a cluster. Culm sheaths green to light reddish-brown when young, soon turning light yellow, persistent to deciduous, sheath proper 12-15 cm long, both the surfaces glabrous, apex rounded, ligules continuous on the whole top of the sheath, up to 1.5 mm wide, margin irregularly or shortly toothed, auricles generally absent, sometimes very slightly auricled with few stiff bristles, blades erect and appressed on the culm, narrowly triangular, acuminate, base covering the whole top of the sheath, both the surfaces glabrous. Leaves in complements of 6-13, leaf sheaths glabrous, ligulate, petiolate, petioles c 8 mm long, auricled, blades lanceolate, 5-15 × 0.6-1.5 cm, adaxial surface green, abaxial surface glaucous-green, covered with very short velvety hairs, secondary veins 4-5 pairs, tertiary veins 4-7 between secondary pairs. Flowering branches of different sizes from each node, up to 30 cm long, sometimes in cluster, initially leafy, ultimately leafless bearing pseudo-spikelets in clusters. Pseudo-spikelets subtended by bracts, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 cm long, 5-7 mm wide, rachilla glabrous, striated, fertile florets 4-7 (sometimes up to 10), the terminal one imperfect. Lemma c 17 mm long, ovate, acute, many-veined, glabrous. Palea c 15 mm long, minutely ciliated at the tip, 5-6 veined on the back between the keels. Lodicules c 2 mm long, linear, glabrous (non ciliated), thickened below, 2-veined. Stamens exserted, anthers c 6 mm long, dehiscence apical. Ovary c 1.5 mm long, obovate, slightly stalked, pubescent above, style short, stigmas 3, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, c 10 mm long, elliptic, roughly hairy above and ending in a short beak.

Loosely tufted sympodial bamboo. Young shoots dull to yellowish-green, sheaths sparsely pubescent with shiny black hairs and white powdery mass above, auricles ciliated, imbricating. Culms dull green, glabrous, 15-20 m tall, 4.5-8.0 cm in diameter at the base, generally the 7th and 8th internodes longest, the longest internodes 45-60 cm long, internodes uniform, not sulcated. Nodes almost parallel with the internodes, nodal line single, transverse band velvety-brown pubescence above the node towards the lower culms. Branch buds ovate, keeled toward the upper half, ciliated along the keels. Culm sheaths deciduous at the time of branch emergence, sheath proper asymmetrical, 15-35 cm long, 25-30 cm broad at the base, slightly attenuated upward and rounded at the top, lateral sides oblique, abaxial surface covered with blackish-brown hairs, ligules continuous with the sheath top, margin entire or sometimes ciliated, auricles 2, unequal, larger one decurrently with the blade base and lateral side of the sheath, the smaller one erect, both the auricles plaited with curled bristles, blades ovate with broad cordate base, 6-10 cm broad at the base. Leaves in complements of 6-13 blades, leaf sheaths slightly keeled on the back, puberulent, auricled with bristles when very young, auricles fall off very soon, petioles c 5 mm long, blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-30 × 1.5-3.0 cm, base rounded to oblique, tip acuminate, adaxial surface green, puberulous, secondary veins 8-14 pairs, tertiary veins 5-8 between secondary pairs. Flowering branches many of different sizes from each node of the main culm, up to 50 cm long, a cluster of pseudo-spikelets from each node, rachis glabrous. Pseudo-spikelets 1.5-7.0 cm long, florets loosely arranged when mature, florets sterile in many pseudo-spikelets, in some with only lemma and palea. Lemma of sterile florets ovate, c 12 mm long, mucronate, some ciliated along the margin, many-veined, those of sterile florets a bit longer. Palea of sterile florets much smaller than lemma, ovate, ciliated along the keels, 4-5 veined between the keels, those of fertile florets a bit longer than those of sterile ones. Lodicules c 1.5 mm long, obtuse, long fimbriate. Stamens 6, rarely 7, exserted, tip penicillate (hairs sometimes deciduous at maturity). Ovary c 1 mm long, stalked, subovate, pubescent, style short, stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis 10-16 mm long, oblong, obtuse, hairy at the top.