Forest Emission Factor Database

A deciduous tree, growing up to 50 m tall, buttresses towards the base and leaf scars on the branchlets. Bark leaden-grey coloured, shining, spongy, marked with horizontal wrinkles and small lines of lenticels, peeling off in thin papery layers, blaze yellowish. Leaves 8-15 × 7-12 cm, broadly or suborbicularly ovate, acuminate, base cordate, irregularly toothed, veins 5-7 from the base, thinly pubescent or glabrate above (at least when mature), softly pubescent beneath, petioles 5-12 cm long, terete, pubescent. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, tetramerous, appearing before the leaves. Male flowers: in pubescent panicles, fasciculate at the ends of branchlets, fascicles up to 25 cm long, calyx tube very short, c 1 mm long, lobes 4, c 1.5 mm long, linear-oblong, sometimes one or two interposed teeth equal or subequal to the lobes, stamens 4, exserted, c 4 mm long, opposite the calyx lobe, inserted round a depressed disc, anthers basifixed, dehiscence longitudinal, pistillode absent, quadrangular. Female flowers: sessile or nearly so in numerous, pendulous, pubescent, spicate, sometimes branched racemes of up to 25 cm long, calyx tube adnate to the ovary, teeth 4, c 1 mm long, triangular, acute, ovary inferior, 1-celled, 8-lobed, ovules numerous on 4 parietal placentas, styles 4, c 3 mm long, subulate, exserted, persistent, stigma clavate. Fruit a capsule, 2-5 mm long, obovoid, dotted with minute white dots outside, 8-ribbed, crowned with persistent calyx and styles. Seeds numerous, minute, c 1 mm long including the membrane, flattened, ellipsoidal, testa extending much beyond the nucleus as a loose reticulate membrane.

No Data

A small evergreen tree, up to 2.5 m tall, crown spreading, bark greenish or reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, 4-10 × 1.3-3.0 cm, elliptic-oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute to cuneate at the base, acute to caudate-acuminate at the apex, margin serrate, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, petioles 2-5 mm long, pubescent. Flowers white, faintly scented, about 2.5 cm across, solitary or 2-5 together, noding peduncles covered with imbricating bracts. Sepals 5, ovate, silky outside, glabrous inside. Petals 5, obovate, puberulous towards the apex outside, glabrous inside. Stamens white, outer stamens connate up to the middle, silky hairy, anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid, densely villous, 1-loculed, styles 3-fid. Fruit a capsule, globose or more or less pointed. Seeds globose, brownish, glabrous.

A shrub or small tree, young stem and branches glabrous. Leaves alternate, 4-25 × 1.5-6.0 cm, obovate-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse to shortly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, membranous to coriaceous, glabrous above, hairy beneath, petioles short. Flowers white, axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2-6, fragrant, petioles 6-10 mm long, bracteoles 2-3, caducous. Sepals 5-7, unequal, persistent. Petals 5-7, white, ovate, broadly ovate to orbicular, concave. Stamens 100-300, each 8-10 mm long, outer ones connate at the base and adnate to the base of petals, glabrous, inner ones free, anthers 2-celled, yellow. Ovary superior, 3-5 locular, densely hairy, ovules 4-6 in each locule, styles 5-7 mm long, glabrous or rarely sparsely hairy. Fruit a subglobose capsule, 3-seeded. Seeds globose or flattened on one side, glabrous, brown or reddish-brown.

No Data

A large Shrub or small tree, up to 15 m tall, young branches pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves distichous, 3-10 × 1-3 cm, elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to cuneate at the base, apex acute-acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, petioles 1-3 mm long, hairy. Flowers white, small, 1-5 in axillary fascicles, fragrant, pedicels 3-4 mm long, bracteoles 2. Sepals 5, outer 2 smallest, concave, pubescent outside, persistent. Petals 5, white, glabrous, connate at the base. Stamens 15 to many, unequal, glabrous, anthers 2-locular, apiculate, yellow. Ovary ovoid, 3-5 locular, glabrous, styles united or divided to the base, stigmas 3-5, feathery. Fruit a globose berry, glabrous, many-seeded. Seeds trigonous, shiny brown.

No Data

A shrub to low tree, c 2-13 m tall, branches densely appressed pubescent, young branches glabrous, reddish-brown to greyish-brown, terete, terminal buds pubescent. Leaves petiolate, petioles 2-3 mm long, lamina oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 × 2-3 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, sparsely pubescent when young and later becoming glabrescent, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midrib, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, tip caudate-acuminate. Flowers axillary, solitary or 3 in a cluster, pedicels 1-2 mm long, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Male flowers: bracteoles ovate, pubescent, sepals orbicular, c 1.5 mm in diameter, outside pubescent, apex rounded and with a retuse tip, petals obovate-oblong, c 3 mm long, stamens about 15, anthers multi-locullate, pistillode pubescent. Female flowers: bracteoles and sepals similar to those of male flowers, petals ovate-oblong, ovary globose, densely pubescent, 3-loculed, styles 2-3 mm long, apically 3-parted. Fruits globose, purplish-black when mature, 5-6 mm in diameter. Seeds brown, reniform, shiny.

No Data

An evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall. Stem and branches glabrous, bark very thick, brownish to almost black. Leaves alternate, 8-20 × 3-8 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, usually entire, coriaceous, apex acute or acuminate, base attenuate, cuneate or rounded, glabrous and shiny above, pubescent beneath, petioles about 2-5 cm long, pubescent. Flowers white, fragrant, solitary, axillary, bracts small, caducous. Sepals 5, imbricate, subequal, suborbicular, glabrous outside, silky inside, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, apex rounded. Stamens numerous, filaments adnate to the base of the petals, anthers yellow. Ovary superior, globose, silky-tomentose, 5-loculed, 2-6 ovules in each locule, styles 5-6 mm long, stigmas flattened, capitate. Fruit a capsule, subglobose, silky when young, glabrous when old. Seeds 2-6 in each cell, glabrous, winged.

No Data

An evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall. Stem obscurely ribbed, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblanceolate, 5-16 × 5-7 cm, base cuneate, apex acute or shortly acuminate, margin entire, petioles 1.5-2.0 cm long, glabrous. Flowers whitish, axillary, solitary or in fascicles, 2.0-2.5 cm across, pedicels 1.5-3.0 cm long, bracteoles 2, caducous. Sepals 5, suborbicular, persistent. Petals 5, red or yellow, ovate or broadly orbicular-spathulate, leathery, concave. Stamens numerous, connate below, filaments c 2 mm long, anthers c 1 mm long, glabrous, truncate. Ovary spherical, 2-locular, ovule 2 in each locule, stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a berry, ovoid, fleshy. Seeds ovoid, oblong, brownish.

A large evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall, with clear and straight bole, whitish bark, young part silky hairy. Leaves alternate, c 10.0 × 2.5 cm, petioles 2 mm long, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, glabrous, lateral veins gradually faint. Inflorescence terminal, umbellate cymes. Flowers pedicellate, perianth white, campanulate, lobes 5, rounded, spreading, densely villous inside, connate at the base. Stamens 10. Ovary superior, 2-celled, villous, stigmas capitate. Capsules ovoid, up to 4 cm long, densely tomentose, the elongated brown seed first come out and hang with the sticky funicle for a day or two and then drops from the fruit still attached with the plant.

No Data

A medium to large sized tree, up to 35 m tall. Leaves simple, 12-25 × 4-14 cm, ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, undulate, stellate-pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, petioles 3.5-5.0 cm long, glabrous below, slightly stellate-pubescent above, stipules 1.0-1.5 cm long, linear-setaceous, caducous. Flowers numerous, lax, buds globular, pedicels pubescent. Sepals 5, 3-5 lobed, lobes 3-5 mm long, obtuse, pubescent. Petals 5, white or pink, 6-8 mm long, oblong, obtuse, ultimately reflexed. Stamens numerous, inserted on a short receptacle, filaments 4-5 mm long, anthers didynamous, lobes divergent, opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-4 loculed, styles 3 mm long, slightly papillose at the base, stigmas 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, with persistent calyx, up to 13 cm across, glabrous, pubescent.

No Data

A lofty tree, branches spreading. Leaves 10-30 × 7-20 cm, ovate, acute, base cordate, glabrous, white beneath, sometimes peltate, petioles 7.5-10.0 cm or longer, thickened at the apex. Panicle terminal, as long as the terminal leaf, branches pubescent, ultimate pedicels longer than the flowers. Flowers 1.2-2.0 cm across, yellow, buds clavate-oblong. Calyx c 0.5-6.0 cm long, funnel-shaped, velvety, lobes ovate, shorter than the tube. Petals oblong, spreading, tapering at the base, longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, filaments slender, antherlobes divergent at the base, confluent at the apex, staminodes linear-lanceolate. Styles as long as the petals. Follicles 2.5-3.7 cm in diameter, by abortion solitary, obliquely ovate, woody, covered with fine ash-coloured pubescence, suture prominent. Seeds solitary, rarely 2, albumen absent, embryo erect, cotyledons 2.

No Data

A shrub or small tree, branchlets slender, lepidote, greyish. Leaves 14-16 × 3.5-5.0 cm, lanceolate, rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, entire, glabrous above, silvery-greyish beneath, pinnately nerved, petioles up to 8 mm long, slightly thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal and axillary, 5-6 cm long. Calyx campanulate, lobes 3 mm long, lanceolate, acute, lepidote. Petals c 5 mm long, narrowly obovate. Anthers didymous, lobes slightly divergent, connectives thick, staminodes linear-lanceolate, petaloid, sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Ovary 4-lobed, each locule 2-ovuled, styles simple, stigmas 4-lobed. Fruit a capsule, c 1.5 cm long, pyriform, truncate, widest at the apex, crumpled.

A small to medium-sized tree, 12-15 m tall, with umbrageous crown, branchlets and underside of leaves softly tomentose. Leaves 12-20 × 5-7 cm, ovate-lanceolate or oblique or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, denticulate, softly tomentose beneath, 3 nerved at the base, petioles up to 1.5 cm long, stout, pubescent. Flowers small, in terminal and axillary panicles. Sepals 5, hoary externally, oblong. Petals 5, 2 mm long, oblong, spathulate, as long as or longer than the sepals. Stamens many, glabrous, hairy. Styles stellate-hairy. Fruit a capsule, 2.5 cm across, ovoid or obovoid, separating into 3-5 wings when ripe. Seed bearing portion covered with stellate bristles.

No Data

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3.5-2.0 × 2-16 cm, elliptic-ovate, ovate or broadly oblong, subcordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, irregularly serrate, sometimes obscurely lobed, scabrous above, stellate-tomentose beneath, 5-nerved, petioles 0.5-4.5 cm long. Flowers in axillary, umbellate cymes, peduncles 1-3 together, up to 1 cm long, buds 5-8 × 4 mm, ovoid or oblong, pedicels 2 mm long. Sepals 5, 8-12 mm long, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, acute, woolly outside. Petals 5, white, 2-4 × 1.0-1.5 mm, oblong, obtuse, ciliate at the base, glands subglobose, 2 mm across, densely ciliate. Receptacle 1 mm long, 5-angled, glabrous. Stamens many, filaments 5 mm long. Ovary 1.5 × 1.0 mm, subglobose, villose, stigmas laciniate. Fruit a drupe, 0.8-1.5 cm across, subglobose, fleshy, obscurely 4-lobed, tomentose.

A shrub or small tree . Leaves 5-19 × 4-15 cm, broadly ovate or suborbicular, obliquely cordate or rounded at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, crenate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, 5-7 nerved, petioles up to 1.8 cm long. Flowers in axillary, umbellate cymes, peduncles up to 3.5 cm long, buds 6-11 × 4-5 mm, oblong-obovoid, ribbed, tomentose, pedicels up to 1 cm long. Sepals 5, 6-12 × 2-3 mm, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, tomentose. Petals 5, yellow, 3-7 × 1.5-3.0 mm, oblong-obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse, glands 1.0 × 0.7 mm, obovoid. Stamens numerous, filaments 4-6 mm long. Ovary 1.5-2.5 × 1.0-1.5 mm, ovoid, stigmas 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, 7-12 mm across, subglobose, red or purple.

A large shrub to small tree. Leaves 4.0-12.5 × 1.5-6.0 cm, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, tip acuminate, margin crenate-serrate, glabrous to glabrescent, 3-nerved, petiolate, petioles 0.2-2.0 cm long. Flowers in axillary cymes, peduncles 1-3 cm long, buds cylindric, pedicels small, 1-2 cm long. Calyx with linear, lanceolate sepals, about 1.3-1.5 cm long, hirsute pubescent. Corolla with ovate, white petals, about 3.5 × 2.0 mm, pilose along the margin. Carpels with ovary about 2 mm across, subglobose, hirsute, stigmas 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, about 1.4 cm across, distinctly 4-lobed, sparsely pilose.

A small tree or struggling shrub, branches terete. Leaves 10-18 × 3-8 cm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, sparsely pubescent above, densely pubescent beneath, 3-nerved, petioles up to 6 mm long. Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed umbellate cymes, peduncles up to 2.5 cm long, buds oblong, tomentose, pedicels up to 2 cm long. Sepals 5, 1.2 cm long, lanceolate, tomentose. Petals 5, white or pale yellow, 5 mm long, ovate, glands 2.5 mm across, subglobose, pubescent, stigmas lobed. Fruit a drupe, 8-16 mm across, more or less globose, sometimes subglobose or distinctly 2-lobed, rugose, stellate-hispid.

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Leaves 7-14 × 5-11 cm, obliquely ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, rounded or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate, hispid above, tomentose beneath, 5-6 nerved, petioles up to 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary cymes, peduncles up to 1.5 cm long, buds 3 mm across, globose to ovoid, tomentose, pedicels up to 1 cm long. Sepals 5, 5-12 mm long, linear-oblong, hirsute. Petals 5, yellow, 3.5 mm long, oblong or oblong-obovate, glands 1.5 × 0.7 mm, oblong. Stamens numerous, filaments 4 mm long. Ovary 2 mm across, globose, villous, stigmas lobed. Fruit a drupe, 5-10 mm across, globose, obscurely 2-4 lobed, black, sparsely pubescent.

A shrub, 3-6 m tall. Leaves 1-12 × 0.7-4.5 cm, ovate, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, subcordate or subobtuse at the base, acute or acuminate or sometimes subobtuse or rounded at the apex, serrate, pubescent above, densely tomentose beneath, petioles up to 7 mm long. Flowers polygamous, in axillary umbellate cymes, peduncles 1-3 together, up to 1 cm long, buds globose, pedicels 2-5 mm long, receptacle short, subterete, dilated at the apex, glabrous. Stamens more than 40. Ovary 2 mm across, glabrous, densely villous, stigmas 3-lobed, lobes fringed. Fruit a drupe, 1.2 cm across, subglobose, obscurely 4-lobed, fleshy, densely hirsute or hispid.

No Data

A semi-deciduous tree, up to 15 m in height, trunk often fluted, young shoots patently pubescent, bark ash-coloured, exfoliating in thin flakes. Leaves 9-23 × 4.0-10.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, chartaceous, glabrescent, slightly cordate or unequal at the base, lateral nerves 6-7 on either side, basal nerves 3, stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers pale yellow, involucrate, in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, pubescent, cream-coloured. Petals 5, yellowish. Stamens many, filaments distinct, usually glabrous, anthers dorsifixed. Ovary glabrous. Fruit a drupe, globose, wrinkled, 8-10 mm across.

A shrub or small tree, branchlets minutely stellate-tomentellous to stellate puberulous. Leaves 3.0-16.5 × 1.0-5.5 cm, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, serrulate, densely tomentose beneath, 3-4 nerved, petioles 5 mm long. Flowers in axillary, clustered cymes, peduncles 1.5-3.5 cm long, buds 3.5-5.0 mm across, subglobose, tomentose, pedicels 8-10 mm long. Sepals 5, 6 mm long, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, tomentose. Petals 5, 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, glands 1 mm long, elliptic. Stamens many, filaments 3-4 mm long, glabrous. Ovary 1.5 mm across, globose, tomentose, stigmas 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, 5 mm across, globose, tomentose.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1-18 × 1.5-7.0 cm, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate, acuminate, 3-nerved at the base, glandular, serrate, glabrous or stellate hispid on the nerves, petioles short, stipules subulate. Flowers white, 2.5-3.0 cm across, in axillary cymes, peduncles as long as the pedicels, buds oblong. Sepals 5, 9-16 × 3-5 mm, oblong, fleshy, 2-ribbed, green outside, white within. Petals 5, c 3.5 × 1.5 mm, ovate or obovate, white, membranous, tapering at the glabrescent apex. Stamens numerous. Ovary villous, styles glabrous, stigmas laciniate, gynophore elongated. Fruit a drupe, globose, black, 1-2 lobed, each with two nuts.

No Data

Tree, c 6-15 m tall, bark peeling off. Leaves 1.7-36.0 × 1-24 cm, elliptic, elliptic-ovate, ovate or ovate-rotund, obliquely cordate at the base, acuminate or rounded at the apex, serrate to crenate-serrate, glabrescent above, sparsely pubescent or tomentose beneath, 5-nerved, petioles up to 4 cm long. Flowers 3-6 in axillary cymes, peduncles 1-2 cm long, buds 3-6 mm long, subglobose or obovoid-oblong, tomentose, pedicels 4-13 mm long. Sepals 5, 5-8 × 3 mm, elliptic or lanceolate, subacute, tomentose outside. Petals 5, yellow, 3.0-4.5 × 1.5 mm, elliptic-oblong or spathulate, obtuse, notched at the apex, sparsely ciliate at the base, glands 0.5 mm long. Receptacles minute, glabrous excepting at the apex. Stamens many, filaments 4 mm long. Ovary 1.2 mm across, globose, sparsely hirsute, stigmas 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, 2.5-5.0 × 7-10 mm, black.

A shrub or small tree, 3-5 m high, herbaceous portions covered with long soft hairs. Leaves 3-15 × 3-12 cm, rotund-ovate, orbicular or cordate, cordate at the base, rounded to abruptly acuminate at the apex, crenate or serrulate, villous beneath, 5-nerved, petioles up to 4 cm long, broad, leafy. Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed cymes, sessile in close tufts, peduncles 1-5 mm long, buds 10 × 3 mm, ellipsoid, pilose, pedicels 2-5 mm long. Sepals 5, 1 cm long, lanceolate, pilose. Petals 5, dull yellow, 1 mm long, spathulate, emarginate, glands 1.5 mm long, obovoid. Receptacle 1 mm long, angular, glabrous, ciliate along toothed rim. Stamens many, filaments 5 mm long. Ovary 2 mm across, subglobose, densely villous, stigmas laciniate. Fruit a drupe, 1.2-1.5 cm across, subglobose, obscurely 4-lobed, yellowish-red, villous.

Tree upto 12 meters tall. Leaves alternate, simple, flat. Flowers solitary or sometimes can be found in pairs, creamy green, pleasant sweet smell, calyx 5, white erect stigma that protrudes from many thin stamens. Fruits obovate to elliptic, dehiscent, 5 grooved, 4 x 2.5 cm, greenish-brown pubescence at young, becomes very dark or black coffee at maturity.

No Data

No Data

A large shrub or small evergreen tree, up to 8 m tall, with dense, spreading crown, branches drooping, bark smooth, pale brownish-grey, tough fibrous, branchlets densely villous, glandular pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 5-10 × 1.5-4.0 cm, obliquely subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, chartaceous, glandular hairy above, woolly pubescent beneath, veins 3-5 pairs on either side of midrib, petioles 5-6 mm long, stipule 1, c 5 mm long, filiform, hairy. Inflorescence sessile, usually supra-axillary, flower-stalks arising together, with 3 filiform, small bracts at the base. Flowers 1.5-2.5 cm across, white, pedicels c 2.0-2.5 cm long. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 1.5 cm long, caudate-acuminate, valvate, shortly connate at the base, densely pubescent on both surfaces. Petals 5, thin, obovate or suborbicular, shortly clawed, as long as sepals, imbricate. Intra-staminal disk annular, bearing a ring of hairs on exterior margin. Stamens many, c 1 cm long, anthers elliptic, dorsifixed, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, ellipsoid, numerous, style absent, stigmas knob-like, 5-ridged. Fruit a berry, subglobular, 1.0-1.5 cm across, appearing imperfectly many-locular, red or yellow with ridged stigmas at the top and withered stamens at the base, pulp juicy, sweet. Seeds numerous, obovoid or ellipsoid, minute.

No Data

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall, buttressed at the base, bark greyish-brown, usually smooth, often flaky, branchlets slender, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 × 2-4 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base rounded, subcordate or attenuate, shining above, scaberulous beneath, margin usually entire, but occasionally inconspicuouly serrate, lateral veins 6-14 on either half, petioles 7-12 mm long, slender, glabrous, stipules narrow, sheathing, caducous. Male inflorescence 10-30 flowered, bracts minute. Male flowers short pedicelled, perianth lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud, stamens 4 or 5, anthers ovoid-subreniform, introrse. Female flowers solitary or borne in a 2-3 flowered mixed inflorescence, long pedicelled, perianth lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud, ovary ovoid, glabrous, stigmatic arms 2. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, glabrous, brownish-red when mature.

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A large deciduous tree, bark dark-grey, lenticellate, horizontally wrinkled, branchlets densely yellowish-brown pubescent when young, usually glabrescent with age. Leaves simple, alternate, elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-15 × 2-6 cm, base oblique, rounded or acute, apex acuminate to shortly caudate-acuminate, margin entire o obtusely serrate, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side of midvein, petioles 6-13 mm long, brown, broadly sulcate, stipules narrowly lanceolate, caducous. Flowers small, polygamous in axillary cymes. Perianth lobes usually 4, free, imbricate. Male flowers with 2.5 cm long pedicels. Bisexual flowers with 4-5 stamens, anthers dorsifixed, ovary sessile, pilose towards the apex. Fruit a drupe, subglobose or broadly ovoid, orange-red when ripe.

A medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall, bark grey, rough and warty, tender parts pubescent, branchlets glabrous, densely lenticellate. Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 5-10 × 4-5 cm, base rounded to subcordate, apex acute to acuminate, margin undulate, 3-nerved at the base, basal nerves converging towards and almost reaching the apex, secondary nerves much weaker than the basal, petioles 5-8 mm long, sulcate, stipules linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence a branched cyme, 10-15 flowered, c 3 cm long. Male flowers with 5 tepals, linear, slightly incurved, ciliate, stamens 5, anthers reniform. Female and bisexual flowers with 5 tepals, linear, ciliate, stamens 5, anthers subreniform, ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, styles 2, linear, undivided. Fruit a drupe, yellow, becoming red to orange-red when mature, terete or 4-angled, obtusely beaked, glabrous. Seeds with scanty endosperm, embryo curved.

Large deciduous trees, to 25 m high, bark 6-8 mm thick, whitish-grey, smooth; blaze yellowish-grey, streaked with light brown; branchlets pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate; stipules lateral, scarious; petiole 5-10 mm, stout, pubescent; lamina 6-12.5 x 2.5-6.5 cm, ovate-oblong, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate, margin entire, distantly serrate when young, coriaceous, glabrous above, appressed pubescent punctate below; lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, pinnate, prominent, intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers polygamous, appear before leaves, 5-8 mm across, greenish-purple, in axillary fascicles; tepals 4 or 5, free, anthers pubescent; female flowers with longer pedicels; ovary superior, compressed, long stipitate, 2-winged, 1-celled, ovule 1; style 2 fid. Fruit a samara, 3 cm across, orbicular, wings nerved, glabrous, seed one.

No Data

A medium-sized, fast-growing and short-lived evergreen tree, branches and branchlets somewhat ascending, twigs and young parts silky, pubescent, bark thin, greenish-grey or bluish-green, smooth with numerous reddish lenticels. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 × 2.5-7.5 cm, base obliquely cordate, apex acute to acuminate, margin crenate-serrulate, upper surface greenish, under surface densely silvery tomentose, nerves 4-6 pairs, impressed above, raised below, petioles 6-8 mm long, sulcate. Flowers 5-merous, greenish, unisexual, subsessile, minute in axillary cymes. Perianth lobes 5, free, 1.5-2.0 × 1 mm. Male flowers with 5 stamens, filaments 1.5 mm long, anthers introrse. Female flowers with superior ovary, ovoid-conical, styles arms 2, slender, stigmas papillose. Fruit a drupe, more or less globose, topped by the style, black when mature. Seeds ovoid, endosperm present.

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A tree, branchlets villous or tomentose, with spreading hairs, bark greyish-brown, smooth or fissured. Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, 7-12 × 4-6 cm, base cordate and oblique, apex acuminate, caudate-acuminate or rarely acute, margin denticulate, basally 3-veined, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein, petioles 0.7-1.8 cm long, pubescent, stipules linear-lanceolate. Flower small in axillary dense cymes, unisexual. Tepals 4 or 5, triangular-ovate. Male flowers with 4-5 stamens, opposite the perianth, anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Female flowers with superior ovary, glabrous, sessile, styles short, feathery, stigmas spreading or incurved. Fruit a small drupe, brownish-purple to blackish-purple when mature, compressed. Seeds broadly ovoid, compressed.

A large semi-deciduous tree, bark greyish-brown, exfoliating in irregular flakes, branchlets brown to red-brown, young parts hairy. Leaves simple, alternate, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 × 1.5-3.5 cm, apex acuminate, base rounded or oblique or asymmetric, margin obtusely regularly simple serrate, nerves elegantly reticulated, petioles 2-7 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescence a fascicled cyme, 3-11 flowered. Flowers bisexual, pedicels articulate. Perianth campanulate, 5-cleft, glabrous, margin ciliate. Stamens usually 5, filaments erect, anthers glabrous. Ovary compressed, sessile or stipitate, ovule solitary, pendulous, styles short, deeply 2-fid. Fruit a samara, orange-brown, obovate or suborbicular.

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A shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall, branches terete, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves alternate, stipules lanceolate, 4-8 mm long, caducous, petioles 2-6 cm long, pubescent or glabrous, blade ovate, elliptic, ovate-oblong or subelliptic, 5-20 × 3-10 cm, base rounded or obtuse, apex long acuminate, margin crenate-serrate, except a little part towards the base, membranous, glabrous and sometimes tessellately rugose above, softly pubescence below, lateral veins 2-3 pairs, basal long, strong. Flowers monoecious, minute, greenish-white, in small axillary, sessile clusters along main branches. Male flowers: perianth 4-lobed, lobes valvate, corniculate, stamens as many as lobes, pistillode minute. Female flowers: perianth tubular, mouth contracted, 4-toothed, staminode absent, ovary included in the perianth, stigmas filiform, persistent. Fruit an ovoid achene, closely invested by the elliptic, acute, puberulous perianth.

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A small tree, up to 6 m tall, with stout, pubescent branchlets. Leaves crowded at the apex of branchlets, petiolate, petioles 3-15 cm long, pubescent, blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 8-28 × 6-22 cm, thinly chartaceous to coriaceous, base broadly cuneate, rounded or cordate, apex shortly caudate or shortly acuminate, margin sinuate-dentate, lateral veins 5-7 pairs. Inflorescence large, orange-coloured, of dichotomous cymes in axils of terminal leaves, peduncles 5-7 cm long. Male flower clusters 3-4 mm across, bracts narrowly obovate to oblong, flowers 5-merous, small, perianth glabrescent, reddish, anthers white. Female flower clusters 2-3 mm across, bracts unequal, larger ones triangular to obovate, flowers obovoid, 4-ribbed, ovary obovoid, 1-locular, stigmas penicellate, locule with one basal ovule. Fruit an aggregate of achenes, in succulent clusters, slightly laterally compressed, 1.5-2.0 mm long when mature, pinkish.

A dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, twigs with irritant hairs pointing downwards. Leaves petiolate, petioles 6-12 cm long, with irritant hairs, stipules ovate or lanceolate, c 1.5 cm long, caducous, blade elliptic, oblong to rhombic, 20-30 × 7-18 cm, base cuneate, truncate to cordate, apex acuminate, margin sinuate to dentate, glabrous except for sparse irritant hairs at the lower surface, lateral veins 10-15 pairs. Inflorescence a slender panicle, dichotomously branched with flowers in loose fascicles, peduncles densely covered with irritant hairs. Flowers unisexual, bracteolate, male one shorter than the females. Male flowers: pedicellate, perianth 2.0-2.5 × 1.0-1.5 mm, slightly covered with irritant hairs, tepals 4, stamens 4, on reflexed filaments, pistillode small. Female flowers: subsessile, perianth 1.0-1.5 × 0.5 mm, sparsely covered with irritant hairs, 4-lobed, stigmas ligulate, 2-4 mm long. Fruit an achene, asymmetrically pyriform, 3-5 × 2.5-4.0 mm, bloated, with warty pericarp, base slightly covered by the small persistent perianth, on greatly elongated pedicels.

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A dioecious evergreen small tree, 5-20 m tall, twigs and young parts pubescent. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petioles 1.5-6.0 cm long, leaf blade elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 10-30 × 3-10 cm, base rounded or obtuse, apex caudate to long caudate-acuminate, margin denticulate to middle, entire apically, papery, 3-veined, basal pair reaching middle margin, secondary veins 10-12 pairs, reticulate, abaxial surface densely villous or sparsely pubescent on veins or sometimes tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, stipules linear, 1-2 cm long. Inflorescence in axils of fallen leaves or on older branches, dichotomously branched 2 or 3 times, 1.5-2.5 cm long. Glomerules 4-5 mm in diameter. Male flowers: perianth lobes 4, oblong, connate half of length, c 1.2 mm long, rudimentary ovary subclavate. Female flowers c 1 mm long. Achenes conic, c 1.5 mm long, 3-4 ribbed, surrounded by a fleshy discoid cupule at the base.

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