Forest Emission Factor Database

A large shrub or tree, 6-25 m tall with broad crown, bole 3-4 m high, girth c 1 m, bark 1-5 mm thick, outer bark greenish-black to brownish-black, often grey, warty or smooth, longitudinally exfoliating in short and thin flakes, undersurface creamy with green reticulation, blaze spongy and creamy. Stem blackish-green when dry, obsoletely lanticellate. Leaf blade 6.0-15.0 × 2.0-4.2 cm, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, rarely ovate-elliptic, gradually narrowed into a 0.8-1.5 cm long petiole, spathulate and amplicated at the base, acuminate, slightly revolute along the margin, glossy green above, silvery-white, pulverulent or greyish-tomentellous beneath, reginous-punctate on drying. Inflorescence a generally trichotomous, pedunculate, panicled spike, sometimes axillary from upper leaf axils, primary peduncles 1-4 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, solitary or 1-3 together, central peduncle stout, always longer than the laterals, bearing short spiciform, 1.5-3.0 cm long cymes covered with dense brown tomentum, sulcate on drying. Flowers 6-10 per spike, opposite and distichously arranged, lowest pair a little distant from others, each flower 5-6 mm long and 4-5 mm across, yellow, sweet smelling, bract and prophylla concave, ovate, acute with prominent midrib, glabrous within and rufous tomentellous without. Calyx 3-4 × 2-3 mm, slightly united at the base to form a cupuliform calyx, lobes 2.0-4.0 × 1.5-2.0 mm, ovate, rounded or oblong, obtuse, finely ciliate, densely greyish-white tomentellous at the base. Corolla 4.5-6.0 × 4.0-5.0 mm, tube 0.8-1.5 mm long, lobes 4, 2.0-2.5 × 1.5-2.0 mm, ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, very densely whitish and glistening pubescent outside except the margin. Filaments 0.7-0.8 mm long, adnate, anthers 0.7-10.0 mm wide, subrotund, yellow, later deep purple or black. Ovary glabrous at the base, densely greyish-tomentose above, imperfectly bilocular, dissepiment not reaching the apex, longitudinally winged at the middle, ovule solitary. Fruits 2.5-5.0 × 0.8-1.5 cm, obliquely conic or falcate, narrowly oblong, laterally compressed, with a short mucronate tip, greenish-yellow, exocarp greyish-tomentose, cotyledons 2.5-3.5 × 1.2-2.0 cm, cordate at the base, hypocotyle with glossy brown, hooked and jointed hairs at the base.

No Data

A shrub or low tree, 4-13 m tall, sometimes up to 25 m tall, with shaggy crown, bole 3-7 m tall, bark brownish-grey or yellowish-green, turning later to blackish-grey, rough, with thick exudation, inner bark white with green irregular lines, Young shoots and inflorescence densely adpressed tomentellous, glabrescent with age, stem sparsely lenticellate and resinous-punctate. Leaves 5.0-11.0 × 3.7-8.2 cm, obovate or ovate-rounded, oblong or broadly oblong, rounded at the apex, dark green, shiny and glabrous above, minute glandulose and yellowish-green or bluish-green or brownish-yellow beneath due to thick felt of puberulous tomentum, secondary veins 5-7 on either side of midrib, midrib bifurcate at the tip, leaf base round or acute, gradually narrowed into petioles, petioles stout, 1.5-3.0 cm long, spathulate at the base. Inflorescence generally terminal (axillary in the uppermost leaves), bracteate, trichotomously panicled and pedunculate subcapitate cymes of 7-18 cm long and 7-15 cm wide, primary peduncles 2.3-7.0 cm long, 3-5 together, central peduncle always longer than the laterals, supported by a pair of bracts at the base, secondary peduncles 1.5-3.0 cm long, obsoletely tetragonal, densely furfuraceous-tomentellous, often lenticellate, cymes c 0.8-2.0 × 1.0-1.7 cm, subcapitate, consisting of 2-12 decussate flowers. Flowers 7-9 × 6-10 mm, an expanded flower often reaching 15 mm across, lobes 4 or 5, rather unequal, 5-6 × 2.5 mm, rounded, ovate or oblong-obtuse, concave, margin ciliated with whitish hairs. Corolla 6-8 mm across, fully expanding up to 13 mm across, united below to form a tube c 3 mm long, lobes 4 or 5, 3-6 × 2-4 mm, obovate-orbicular or oblong, obtuse, posterior lobe prominently larger than the others, glabrous at the base. Filaments 2-3 mm long, anthers 1.0-1.2 mm long, fulvous, bilobed, adnate, soon becoming pitch black. Ovary conic-oblong, completely covered by upward directly glossy, brown tomentum, styles distinct, elongate and unequally bifid into 2 stigmatic lobes. Fruits 2.5-3.0 × 1.5-2.0 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, laterally compressed, greenish-yellow, densely ferulaceous-tomentose and often with verrucose glands, cotyledons large and thick, very densely long setose at the base, rootlets and plumules conspicuous even in the attached fruits.

No Data

An evergreen, dioecious tree (a few hermaphrodite flowers are sometimes found on male trees), up to 15 m tall with narrow crown and hanging branches, bark pale grey, brown or almost black outside, often with white patches, yellow or yellowish brown inside. Shoots, young leaves and inflorescence tawny pubescent. Leaves simple, 9-25 (-30) × 3-7 (-10) cm, variable, membranous, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, subcoriaceous, entire, obtusely short or abruptly long acuminate, secondary veins prominent on under surface, tertiary veins transverse and parallel, numerous, petioles swollen and slightly geniculate at upper end, 1-3 cm long. Male flowers 8-12 mm across, pale yellow, 3-5 each in two compact fascicles atop a common peduncle, 7-15 mm long, peduncles 2-3 mm long, pedicels 7-10 mm long, all strigosely fulvous tomentose. Sepals c 5 × 4 mm, ovate-orbicular, fulvous tomentose. Petals c 4 mm long, broadly ovate to ovate orbicular, in two rows, ciliate, each with a fleshy pubescent gland at the base, densely white pilose at the apex. Stamens 17-24, c 4 mm long, free, filaments pilose, staminodes 5-9. Female flowers in a compact fascicle atop a c 5 mm long peduncle, rarely solitary by abortion, pedicels c 12 mm long, strigosely fulvous tomentose. Ovary ovoid, obscurely 6-7 ribbed, densely fulvous tomentose, stigmas 4. Fruit a berry, globose, somewhat protruded at the apex, up to 5 cm across on a thick pedicel up to 1.5 cm across, rind glandular, tawny-velvety, pericarp reddish-brown. Seeds 12-18, c 2.5 cm long, irregularly oval, embedded in pulp, tightly packed in fruit.

A medium-sized to tall evergreen tree, branchlets slightly pubescent, bark pale brown with white marks, smooth, thin. Leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 × 4-10 cm, acuminate, membranous or coriaceous, entire or sometimes deeply obtusely serrate or toothed, base acute or subcordate, secondary veins prominent and arching, petioles up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers in raceme, c 2.5 cm in diameter. Sepals green, pubescent, in 2 rows, inner 3 larger. Petals ciliate twice as long as the ovate fimbriate scales. Stamens villous at the base, equalling the petals. Female flowers with imperfect stamens (staminodes), staminodia pentamerous. Ovary densely pubescent, unilocular with parietal placentas, styles very short, stigmas peltate. Fruit a berry, 5-10 cm in diameter, tomentose. Seeds obtusely angular, embryo central, cotyledons thin, albumen copious.

No Data

A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, young stem and branches covered with ferruginous-tomentose hairs, mixed with minute acute scales. Leaves simple, alternate, 10-15 × 2-9 cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, oblanceolate, base acute or cuneate, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, margin obtusely or finely serrulate, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes, thinly tomentose. Sepals 5, free, ovate to ovate-rounded, glabrous. Petals 5, white or pink, ovate, connate at the base, rounded at the apex, glabrous. Stamens numerous. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, styles 5, rarely 6, 1-2 mm long, connate below. Fruit a berry, sub-globose, fleshy, whitish. Seeds numerous, minute, brown.

No Data

Plants shrubby, rhizomatous, 1--3 m tall. Stems simple or few branched; internodes often longer than wide; bark grayish, smooth. Leaves spaced along distal part of stems, subsessile or indistinctly petiolate; petiole to 1 cm, base not completely covering internode; leaf blade nearly sword-shaped to linear-oblanceolate, 20--45 × 1.5--5.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal, branched, 30--50 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 7--8 mm, articulate distally or near apex. Perianth greenish white, 1.9--2.3 cm; tube 7--8 mm; lobes 1.1--1.6 cm. Filaments filiform; anthers 2--3 mm. Style 5--8 × as long as ovary. Berry orange, globose, 0.8--1.2 cm in diam., 1- or 2-seeded.

No Data

A shrub or small tree, 3-6 m tall, branchlets with soft spreading hairs. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, elliptic or ovate-oblong, lobed or toothed. Inflorescence a many-flowered cyme, with spreading golden hairs. Flowers epigynous. Calyx tube shaggy, teeth lanceolate. Petals 5-6, hairy on the outer surface. Stamens with short filaments, filaments hairy. Carpels 1-3, united into an inferior ovary, style long, stigma subclavate, ovule 1 per locule. Fruit a berry, deeply grooved, 1-seeded, bluish when ripe.

A small-sized deciduous tree with grey bark. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, ovate to ovate-cordate, pubescent on both surfaces. Inflorescence of axillary cymes. Flowers white, epigynous. Sepals 7-8, free or somewhat connate at the base. Petals 7-8, linear, free or connate at the base, narrow, valvate. Stamens 7-8, slightly adnate at the base of the petals, anthers linear. Carpels 1-3, united into a 1-3 loculed ovary, ovule one in each locule, style long, stigma slightly lobed. Fruit a 1-2 seeded berry. Seeds oblong, compressed.

A small to medium-sized tree, branchlets adpressed-tomentose, sometimes spine-tipped. Leaves simple, 14.0 × 2.5 cm, short petioled, oblong-lanceolate, sub-coriaceous, 3-5 nerved from the base. Inflorescence in axillary cymose clusters. Flowers c 1.5 cm wide, pedicellate, bisexual, epigynous, white, sweet-scented. Calyx of 5-10 sepals, connate at the base, forming a cupular tube, adnate to the ovary, tomentose, triangular-ovate. Corolla of 5-10 petals, petals 2.5 × 0.2 cm, linear-oblong, reflexed after anthesis, disk prominent. Stamens usually twice as many as the petals or more, filaments 1 cm long, base villous, connate, anthers 1 cm long, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, unilocular, ovule 1, pendulous, style long, stigma capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, globose, red or black when ripe. Seed ovoid.

No Data

A small to medium-sized, glabrous, evergreen tree, with much spreading branches which form a large crown. Bark thick grey, rough and cracked. Leaves ovate, 12-18 cm long, glabrous, very thickly coriaceous, base round or blunt, obovate, margin entire, secondary veins 8-12 pairs, arching and very conspicuous on both the surfaces, petioles broad and thick, 0.5-1.5 mm long. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, panicles 7-20 cm long. Flowers polygamous, 1.5 mm across, pedicellate, fragrant. Sepals ovate, 4 × 1 mm. Petals linear-lanceolate, 13 × 2 mm. Stamens 7-10, 10 mm long, fertile, smaller ones 1 mm long. Carpels solitary, ovary 1-celled, ovule 1, style eccentric, stigma simple. Fruit a nut, kidney-shaped, about 2.5 cm long, seated on fleshy thick hypocarp, shell of the nut hard, ash-coloured, greenish or shining brown, fleshy hypocarp becomes yellow or pinkish-green when ripe.

No Data

An evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall, young shoots minutely hairy. Leaves 6-20 × 2-6 cm, stipulate, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, entire, apex acuminate, base cuneate, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, petioles 1.0-2.5 cm long. Inflorescence 4-10 cm long, puberulous. Flowers bisexual, 0.3 cm across, pedicellate, pale yellow. Sepals 4-lobed, lobes ovate-oblong, 0.7 × 0.5 mm. Petals 4, oblong, 2.0 × 0.6 mm, keeled on ventral surface. Stamens 4, 0.8 mm long, filaments short, anthers sagittate, mucronate at the apex. Disc 4-lobed, 1 mm in diameter. Carpel 1 mm long, ovary conical, style short, indistinguishable, stigma obscurely and unequally 3-lobed. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 2-3 × 1.5-2.0 cm, obliquely compressed, glabrous.

No Data

A small to moderate-sized tree. Leaves 16-20 cm long, elliptic-oblong, lanceolate, entire, thinly coriaceous, narrow, glabrous, apex shortly acuminate, petioles 2.2-3.7 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, puberulous. Flowers 1 mm across, pedicels 1 mm long, pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate. Petals 1 × 1 mm, oblong, reflexed. Stamens 8, 1 mm long, filaments subulate, anthers sagittate. Disc 1 mm in diameter, 8-crenated. Ovary 1 mm long, hairy at the base. Fruit a drupe, obliquely oblong, compressed.

A medium-sized to large evergreen tree, nearly leafless for a short period during winter, young parts pubescent. Bark dark grey to blackish, blaze reddish. Leaves simple, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 4-19 × 2-10 cm, obtuse, entire, leathery, softly pubescent beneath when young, secondary veins 15-20 pairs, prominent, petioles 1.5-2.0 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, 6-20 cm long, tomentose. Flowers small, greenish-white, sessile or on short, thick, pubescent pedicels, clustered in several branched tomentose panicles at the end of branchlets. Calyx lobes ovate, pubescent. Petals 3 × 2 mm, elliptic, pubescent. Stamens 10, c 1 mm long. Disc 1 mm in diameter, deeply 10-crenated. Ovary conical, 1 mm long, style subulate, stigma simple. Fruit a drupe, seated on a persistent enlarged calyx, smooth, purplish-black when ripe, about 1.2 cm in diameter, ovoid-reniform, slightly compressed, 1-seeded, endocarp hard, bony.

No Data

A tree, up to 24 m tall, branchlets glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1.2-1.7 cm long, lamina 12-27 × 3-7 cm, lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, coriaceous, puberulous beneath, nerves 20-30 pairs, strongly arched, midrib above rather broad. Inflorescence 4-19 cm long, racemes branched in axillary fascicles, shorter than the leaves, pubescent or glabrate. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers 1 mm across, calyx lobes ovate, puberulous, petals over 1 × 1 mm, oblong, glabrous, stamens 1 mm long, disc 1 mm in diameter. Female flowers 3 mm in diameter, sepals and petals as in male flowers, ovary 1.5 mm in diameter, ovoid, style terminal, short, stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a drupe, transversely oblong or ovoid, 1.5-2.0 × 2.5 cm, yellowish-red, epicarp puberulous.

No Data

A tall, glabrous, evergreen tree. Leaves simple, alternate, usually crowded at the end of the branchlets, oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm long, tapering in both ends, bluntly acuminate, thinly coriaceous, lateral veins 8-12 pairs, arched, venation prominent on the lower surface, petioles slender, usually 1.5-4.0 cm long. Flowers small, slender, glabrous, arranged in corymbs at the ends of branchlets or in the axil of upper leaves. Calyx tubular, membranous, scarlet, split, 2-toothed. Petals linear-lanceolate, disk elongate. Stamens 4-5, as long as the petals. Fruit a drupe, c 1.8 cm long, oval or rounded, surrounding at the base by leathery round enlarged calyx, smooth, shiny, green with white dots, testa connate with the endocarp and with black resinous juice.

No Data

A tall tree with smooth ash-coloured bark, and acrid resin oozing out when wounded. Leaves 28-45 × 6.5-8.0 cm, narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the cuneate base, glabrous, glaucous on the under surface, veins 20-25 pairs, reticulations of veins large, petioles up to 2.5 cm long. Panicles large and spreading, 16-30 cm long, rusty tomentose. Flowers unisexual, sessile, bracteate. Male flowers 1.5 mm in diameter, calyx cupular, densely tomentose, petals oblong, base truncate, tomentose, stamens 5, 1 mm long, disc 5-lobed. Female flowers with hairy ovary, styles 3, recurved. Fruiting panicle up to 45 cm long, with decurved branches. Fruit a drupe on elongated stalk, enclosed wholly in the calyx tube, oblong or ovoid, resinous, acrid, endocarp coriaceous.

No Data

A small to medium-sized deciduous tree with thick branchlets. Leaves imparipinnate, crowded at the ends of branchlets, leaflets 5-11, opposite, shortly petiolate or nearly sessile, 7.5-15.0 × 5-8 cm, ovate, elliptic or lanceolate. Inflorescence of 15-27 cm long panicles, terminal or axillary. Flowers unisexual, yellowish-green on the branches of slender racemes, subsessile. Male flowers 3 mm across, calyx lobes ovate, ciliate, 1 mm long, petals oblong, 2 × 1 mm, disc 1.5 mm in diameter, 8-notched, stamens 8, 2 mm long. Female flowers with 2.0-2.5 mm long carpels, ovary superior, oblong, 1-celled, ovule 1, styles 4, stigma papillose. Fruit a drupe, up to 1.6 cm long, usually red when ripe, seated on a somewhat enlarged calyx. The leaves fall during the cold weather and the tree remains leafless until March and April.

No Data

A medium to large-sized tree, with bole up to 45 m tall and 1 m in diameter, crown dark green, dense and bushy, bark grey-brown, shallow fissured and scaly, evergreen and renews its leaves irregularly at all seasons of the year. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, 8-40 × 2-10 cm, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or oblong, base acute, apex blunt, margin often faintly wavy, lateral veins 12-30 pairs, visible on both surfaces, intercostal veins net-like, distinct below, petioles 1.5-10.0 cm long with swollen base. Inflorescence a pyramidal panicle, pseudo-terminal or axillary. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5, creamish to pinkish with 3-5 ridges on the inner face. Stamen 1, fertile, staminodes 4. Ovary sessile, oblique, 1-locular, style lateral, stigma simple. Fruit a drupe, varies greatly in shape and size, up to 30 × 10 cm, skin yellowish-green to purplish when ripe, pulp pale yellow to orange, with or without fibres, with a sweet to sour taste. Seed 1 per fruit.

A medium-sized tree. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1.8-3.7 cm long, lamina 15-25 × 3.7-7.5 cm, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, with 14-10 pairs of nerves, reticulation obscure above, more distinct beneath, acuminate. Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves, branches widely spreading, pedicels 6 mm long. Flowers 4-5 mm in diameter. Sepals ovate, subacute. Petals white, with yellow veins, very narrow, recurved. Disc broadly conical, papillose, 5-lobed. Stamen 1, much exserted, the imperfect one minute, filaments elongated. Ovary smooth, style lateral, long, slender, ovule obliquely ascending. Fruit a drupe.

No Data

A large, evergreen, tall tree with dense globose crown and a cylindrical bole, bark ash-grey or silvery, fissured or irregularly cracked. Leaves simple, lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, margin undulated, opaque on both the surfaces, lateral veins more curved. Inflorescence a panicle, about 30 cm long, glabrous. Flowers pinkish-white. Calyx 5, glabrous. Petals 5, acute. Stamen 1, fertile. Carpel solitary, ovary sessile, 1-locular. Fruit a drupe, 7-10 cm long, obliquely tapering, acuminate, slightly compressed, stone fibrous, large.

A shrub, branches slender, glabrous, flexible. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, elliptic-lanceolate, 10-18 × 3-5 cm, margin entire, apex acuminate, base acute to obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescence simple or branched, axillary or terminal, short, sparsely or minutely brown-pubescent. Male flowers sessile, bracteolate. Sepals 4, free, 1.0-1.5 mm long, imbricate, glabrous, obtuse. Petals 4, free, 2.0-2.5 mm long, white, oblong, imbricate, apex reflexed, margin shortly ciliate, many-nerved. Stamens 4, c 2 mm long, opposite to the sepal, inserted on the disc, filament sparsely pilose. Female flowers and fruits not seen.

No Data

No Data

A small tree, up to 13.5 m long. Leaves 30-45 cm long, petiolate, pinnate, leaflets 5-12 pairs, often alternate, lanceolate, 7.5-12.5 × 1.5-4.5 cm, acuminate, base obliquely cuneate, serrate or sub-entire, hairy along the midrib and nerves beneath, lateral nerves about 15 on either side of the midrib, very slender, slightly arched. Inflorescence terminal, rather lax. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals free, imbricate, disc fleshy. Stamens inserted at the base of the disc, often lobed. Carpels 3, syncarpous, ovary superior, 1-celled, ovule 1, styles 3, stigmas capitate. Fruit an ovate-orbicular drupe, 7 mm in diameter, compressed, pedicelled, epicarp thin, mesocarp fibrous.

No Data

A middle-sized deciduous tree, up to 18 m tall. Leaves 17-48 cm long, petioles 9-14 cm long, imparipinnate, crowded at the ends of branches, common petiole swollen at the base, terete, glabrous, leaflets 3-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 6-12 × 2.5-4.5 cm, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, entire, glabrous to puberulous beneath. Inflorescence axillary, 6-15 cm long, glabrous. Male flowers 1-2 mm in diameter, pedicellate, calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, petals oblong, 0.5 × 1.0 mm in diameter. Female flowers 2.0-3.5 mm in diameter, ovary 0.6 × 1.0 mm, conical, style 3, stigma globose. Fruit a drupe, obliquely ovoid, 5-15 cm long, 5-8 mm in diameter, orbicular-compressed, rugose, glabrous, shining yellow or tan-brown, epicarp thin, bursting irregularly, mesocarp fibrous, enclosing a waxy mass, epicarp separating from mesocarp in ripe fruits.

A small to medium-sized deciduous tree, branchlets, petiole, inflorescence and underside of leaves clothed with fine pale pubescence. Bark exfoliating in roundish scales. Leaves crowded at the end of branches, 22.5-75.0 × 12.5-30.0 cm, very coriaceous, glabrescent above, undersurface velvety tomentose, obovate or elliptic-oblong, generally rounded at the tip, petiole thick, 2.5 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, equalling or shorter than the leaves, stout, branches spreading. Bracts lanceolate. Flowers polygamous, small, fascicled. Petals much longer than the calyx, oblong, greenish-white. Filaments subulate. Fruit a drupe, somewhat obliquely oblong-ovoid, about 2.5 cm long, purplish-black when ripe.

A medium-sized evergreen tree, glabrous, with crowded leafy crown. Leaves simple, alternate, 7-15 × 2.5-5.0 cm, oblong-obovate, base narrowed into a petiole of 1.2-2.5 cm long, forms winged appendages, tip rounded, pale, nerves 6-10 pairs, much arched. Inflorescence short, reduced to racemes. Flowers c 1 cm in diameter. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 5, erect, orbicular, imbricate, yellowish-green. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the disc, filaments subulate, glabrous, anthers maroon-coloured. Ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary, styles 3, small, stigma clavate. Fruit a nut, seated on cup-shaped hypocarp, dark green with white dots when young smooth, shining, obliquely rounded with a hooked apiculus.

A large tree with rough brown bark and glabrous branchlets, up to 15 m tall. Leaves 12.5-30.0 × 3.7-10.0 cm, oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, quite entire, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, petiole 2.0-3.5 cm long, lateral nerves 15-20 on either half, abruptly arched near the margin, otherwise straight, tertiary nerves transverse to the secondary nerves, base very glandular, narrowed to the petiole. Panicles 25-32 cm long, terminal, exceeding the leaves, branched down to the base with thinly pubescent branches. Flowers dioecious. Bracts subulate. Male flowers about 2 mm across, sessile in clusters of 3-8, buds globose, calyx ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent, ciliolate petals ovate-oblong, glabrous, 1.5 × 0.8 mm, stamens 1 mm long, disc flat, 1 mm in diameter. Female flowers with ovary 1 mm across, densely hairy. Fruit obliquely ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 2.0 × 2.5 cm, hypocarp obconic, 5 mm long, forming a minute podocarp.

No Data

A tree with stout branchlets, 12-18 m tall. Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, subpanduriform, 19-32 × 6.5-8.5 cm, shortly acuminate, dark on the upper surface, whitish beneath, thinly membranous, petiole 5-10 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, 15-33 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Male flowers 4 mm in diameter, petals ovate, 1.5 × 0.7 mm, stamens 0.2 mm long, disc 1 mm in diameter. Bisexual flowers 6 mm in diameter, ovary superior, conical, 1.5 × 2.0 mm. Fruit a drupe, 1.5 × 2.0 cm, compressed, hypocarp 0.5 × 1.5 cm, glabrous.

A medium-sized to large tree, glabrous, deciduous with a pleasant smell (from leaves and twigs). Bark greyish, smooth but often with horizontal wrinkles and vertical fissures, blaze in reddish-brown. Leaves imparipinnate, crowded at the ends of branchlets, 30-45 cm long, leaflets 9-13 pairs, 5-25 × 2.5-10.0 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, entire, membranous, shining, more or less oblique, intra-marginal veins prominent, turning yellow before shedding. Inflorescence of 14-28 cm long panicles, terminal or axillary. Flowers bisexual, polygamous, 5 mm across, subsessile, yellowish-green, scented. Calyx pubescent. Petals 2.5 × 1.0 mm, glabrous. Stamens 1.5-2.0 mm long, disc 1 mm in diameter, deeply 5-lobed, thick, fleshy. Ovary sessile, 2.0-2.5 mm in diameter, obconic-globose, style short, stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, greenish-yellow when ripe, 4-5 cm long.

A deciduous glabrous tree, up to 25 m high. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the ends of the branches, rachis 6-12 cm long, petiole 2.5-4.0 cm long, leaflets chartaceous, obliquely elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 2.0-5.5 × 1.0-2.5 cm, puberulous on the midrib, nerves and veins below, and on the midrib above, glabrescent, base obliquely cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, entire, nerves 6-10 pairs. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, appearing before the leaves, up to 4 cm long, slightly puberulous, branches 1 cm long, few-flowered. Bracts 1-2 mm long. Flowers reddish or purplish, polygamous, pedicels 2-4 mm long. Calyx small, 4-5 fid, lobes triangular, slightly imbricate, 0.5 mm long. Petals 4-5, sub-valvate, ovate-oblong, 3-4 × 1-2 mm. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc, anthers ovoid, 5 mm long. Ovary subglobose, 7 mm long, 4-5 locular, styles 4-5, connivent, ovule solitary, pendulous in each locule. Fruit a fleshy drupe, with a hard, 1-5 celled stone, cells erect or diverging. Seeds pendulous, embryo straight.

No Data

A lofty evergreen, glabrous tree, the lower part of stem often buttressed which may extend to a height of 7 m or more. Bark greyish, smooth with shallow vertical fissures, blaze pinkish. Leaves crowded towards ends of the branchlets, lanceolate, 10-15 cm long, thin, coriaceous and glossy green above, glaucous beneath, petiole very slender, 2.5-4.0 cm long. Inflorescence of 15-30 cm long panicles, terminal or axillary, profusely branched, glabrous. Bisexual flowers 3-4 mm across, pale-yellow. Calyx lobes 1 mm long. Petals ovate-oblong, 2 × 1 mm, puberulous on both sides, disc elongate, 0.5 × 0.8 mm. Stamens 2-3 mm long, anthers oblong. Ovary subconical, 1 mm in diameter, style 1.5 mm long, simple, stigma disciform. Male flowers elongate, 2.5 × 1.5 mm. Fruit a drupe, unripe fruit sessile, seated on 5 oblong-linear, reflexed, about 5 cm long, longitudinally-veined, purplish, wing-shaped petals.

No Data

No Data

No Data

Scandent shrubs or trees, up to 10 m high; branches sympodial with a series of circinate woody hooks. Stipules tiny, mostly caducous with saddlelike scars on branches; Leaves crowded mostly immediately above the second hook, at the end of branchlets, sessile, blades elliptic to obovate-oblong, 7-30 × 3-5 cm, leathery, both surfaces frequently with small, white, orbicular pits, tapering towards the base, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate; nerves 4-8 pairs, midnerve abaxially prominent, impressed adaxially, lateral and reticulate tertiary veins tenuous, slightly prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescence panicle, between the crowded leaves, rarely lateral in the place of a tendril, dichotomously branched, 8-15 cm long. Bracts triangular to ovate, 0.2-2.4 × 0.2-1.5 mm, abaxially eglandular or with 1 or 2 circular glands, margin fimbriate-erose, apex acute. Pedicel 0.3-3.0 mm. Sepals 5, slightly unequal, suborbicular to elliptic-oblong, 3.2-5.5 mm, imbricate, at base shortly decurrent on ovary, outside eglandular or with 1-4 shallowly cupular glands below middle, inside with white orbicular small pits near base, apex rounded. Petals 5, connate basally, suborbicular to obliquely elliptic, 5-6 mm, apex acute, margins usually involute. Stamens in 1 whorl, 5 longer than others; filaments wider basally, dimorphic: shorter ones 0.3-1.2 mm, longer ones 1.1-2 mm. Ovary consisting of three carpels, fully inferior, 1 ovule per cell, basal, ascending with 2 integuments; styles 3, erect, ca. 1 mm; stigmas ca. 0.2 mm. Nut obconic, sides 5-ridged by decurrent margins of accrescent sepals, 5-9 × 5-10 mm in diam.; persistent sepals spreading, narrowly oblong-cuneate to spathulate, unequal, larger 3 sepals 3.3-5.5 × 1.0-2.0 cm, smaller 2 sepals 2-3(-4) × 0.5-1.2(-1.8) cm, veined, apex rounded. Seeds obconical with flat apex ca. 5 mm long.

A climbing shrub with supra-axillary circinate hooks. Leaves simple, alternate, sessile, linear or linear-elliptic, more than 4 times as long as wide, up to 50.0 × 7.5 cm, entire, acuminate or acute, gradually narrowed to the subauricled base, midrib prominent beneath. Inflorescence a panicle, terminal or lateral. Flowers small, bisexual. Sepals 5, united into a basal tube, lobes imbricated, finally enlarged in the fruits. Petals 5, free, contorted. Stamens 10, filaments 1-2 mm long, connate at the base, anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Carpels 3, united into 1-celled inferior ovary, styles 3, ovule 1. Fruit nut-like, with enlarged subequal spreading calyx. Seeds sub-globose.

A common terrestrial fern of forest floor. Rhizomes erect, often 60 cm thick. Stipes 100-175 cm long, sometimes larger, green, smooth with scattered whitish streaks. Fronds bipinnate, generally 20-40 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, rachis green, sparsely scaly and hairy especially on the lower surface. Pinnae 12-18 × 2-4 cm, bearing pinnules 2-3 cm apart, pinnules 4.5-14.0 ×1.3 cm, linear oblong, sessile or shortly stalked, the apex acuminate, the edge toothed, especially towards the apex. Texture herbaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, shining, veins simple or forked, nearly at right angles to the midrib, raised on both surfaces, recurrent veins slender, usually not distinct, much beyond the sori, about l mm from the edge, usually consisting of 7-14 sporangia. Sori submarginal, about 1 mm away from the margin, consisting of 8-12 sporangia in each sac. Sporangium capsules very close to each other, arranged in spherical patterns, size 450-430 µm. Spore trilete, perisporate, oval to spherical yellow to brown, 23-34 × 19-30 µm.

No Data

A tree, stem glabrous, young branches brown pubescent. Leaves with petiole 3-5 mm long, lamina 7.5-12.0 × 3.5-6.0 cm, ovate-oblong, base rounded, obtusely acuminate, glabrous, pale and conspicuously nerved beneath with puberulous nerves and midrib. Inflorescence in dense leaf-opposed fascicles. Flowers subcapitate, peduncle very short, pedicels densely brown tomentose. Sepals orbicular. Petals 10-12 mm long, ovate, densely tomentose. Ovaries about 10, densely villous, style oblong. Ripe carpels 2.5-3.0 cm long, broadly ovoid, obtuse at both ends, tomentose, subsessile, stalk very short.

No Data

A lofty tree, stem glabrous, young branches brown tomentose. Leaves with petiole 1.0-1.5 cm long, puberulous, lamina 15-25 × 3.5-10.0 cm, narrow, oblong, base rounded, long acuminate, glabrous, pubescent on the midrib, shining above, pale and conspicuously veined beneath. Flowers numerous, in fascicled short racemes, greenish-white, odorous, racemes tomentose. Pedicels 1.0-2.5 cm long, with an ovate median and basal bracteole. Sepals small, broadly ovate, connate below. Petals c 1 cm long, ovate-oblong, brown-tomentose outside. Carpels about 10, villous, style oblong. Ripe carpels 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, ovoid or sub-globose, tomentose, long-stalked.