Forest Emission Factor Database

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A small tree, attaining 14 m in height. Stem fluted at the base. Leaves 2-3 pinnate, common petioles purple, amplexicaul at the base, rachis channeled, glabrous, purple at points of insertion of the pinnae, leaflets 7.5-40.0 × 2-5 cm, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, strongly serrate, caudate-acuminate, rounded or subacute at the base, coriaceous, quite glabrous, shining underneath, variegated with red-brown and green before falling, lateral nerves 10-15 on either side of the midrib, generally opposite, much arched, tertiary nerves very fine, transverse, parallel, petiolules 0.5-5.0 cm long, rather slender. Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, terminal or subterminal corymb, branches puberulous, ultimately glabrescent, pedicels 2 mm long. Flowers greenish-white, 5-6 mm across. Calyx green, turbinate, lobes 5, rounded, persistent. Petals light green, 4 × 2 mm, lanceolate, spreading or recurved. Disk fleshy, light yellow, urceolate. Anthers sessile, cohering by their lower end, introrse, connectives white. Fruits about 6-8 mm across, depressed-globose, rather obscurely 3 to 6-lobed.

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A large deciduous tree, about 25 m tall with young shoot, yellowish pubescent, bark yellowish or reddish-grey, thin, rather smooth and longitudinally cracked, peeling off in irregular rounded pieces. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, stipules c 3 mm long, filiform, pinnae 1 pair only, 7-30 cm long, slightly sulcate, tomentose to glabrescent, glands just below the junction of the petiolules, leaflets 4-5 pairs, 3-14 × 2.5-6.5 cm, oblong, acuminate, broadly ovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate, somewhat oblique, glabrous above and puberulous to velutinous beneath, rarely glabrescent, lateral veins 7-10 on either half of the leaflets, petiolules 2-3 mm long. Inflorescence of pedunculate head, peduncles 2.5-9.0 cm long, consisting of 90 flowers. Flowers pale yellowish, small, sessile, subtended by 2-3 mm long, spoon-shaped bracts. Calyx 2.7-4.0 mm long, funnel-shaped, tomentose to woolly, teeth 0.8-1.0 mm long, triangular, acute. Petals 3.5-4.6 mm long, narrowly oblong, acute, puberulous to tomentose. Stamens 5-12 mm long, anthers without gland. Ovary 2.0-2.5 mm long. Fruit a pod, 12-17 × 3.5-6.0 cm, slightly shaped as boomerang, woody with hard testa, reddish-brown, tardily dehiscing from the apex along both sutures. Seeds 7-10 × 11-7 mm, ellipsoid, flat.

A small tree, large shrub or liana, twigs grey, subterete. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, lamina variable in shape, stipulate, petiolate, petioles 1.0-3.5 cm long. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers pedicellate, pedicels 0.8-4.5 cm long. Sepals 5, connate below, lobes oblong. Petals 5, white to pale yellow, connate below to form a corolla tube, lobes narrowly obovate to oblong. Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla tube, exserted, filaments long, anthers narrowly oblong or ovate. Carpels 2, united, ovary 2-celled, styles long, stigmas obconical to peltate. Fruit a berry, globose. Seeds many, embedded in pulp.

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Plant a scandent shrub to small tree, glabrous. Leaves simple, opposite, petiolate, petioles 1.0-1.5 cm long, lamina lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, entire, apex acute, base obtuse. Inflorescence trichotomous cymes or panicled. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, perfect, 4-merous. Calyx c 0.5-1.0 mm long, 4-lobed, lobes rounded. Corolla c 5 mm long, yellow or orange, 4-lobed, lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, attached to the base of small corolla tube. Carpels 2, syncarpous, ovary 2-celled, style 1, stigma 1. Fruit a globular berry, scarlet.

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A scrambling shrub, large woody climber, or rarely small tree, often with axillary spines, tendril solitary, pubescent. Leaves simple, petiolate, petioles 1-10 mm long, glabrous to pubescent, lamina rhomboid to sub-orbicular, lanceolate to ovate, 1.5-11.0 × 1.0-5.8 cm, base acute to truncate to subcordate, apex blunt to acute, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, 0.5-2.0 cm long, lax to dense, glabrous to densely tomentose. Sepals 5, connate below, ovate to orbicular, glabrous to tomentose. Petals 5, connate into a tube, green or white, tube twice as long as lobes, glabrous or tomentose. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla tube, filaments 0.2-0.6 mm long, anthers 0.6-0.9 mm long, ovate. Carpels 2, united into a 2-celled ovary, styles short, stigmas capitate, papillose. Fruit a berry, 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter, green, turning orange or red when ripe, globose or ovoid, glabrous. Seeds 1-2, suborbicular, glabrous.

A small to medium-sized tree, twigs without lenticels, glabrous, spines sometimes present. Leaves simple, opposite, petiolate, petioles 0.5-1.0 cm long, glabrous, lamina elliptic to sub-orbicular, base rounded to subtruncate, 4.0-10.5 × 3.0-8.6 cm, apex subacuminate, often mucronate, glabrous, 3-5 nerved. Inflorescence terminal on axillary branches, many-flowered, tomentose. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, regular. Sepals 5, ovate, tomentose outside. Petals 5, connate below to form a corolla tube, greenish-white, corolla tube c 3 times as long as the lobes, lobes densely papillose. Stamens 5, sessile, anthers 1.5-1.8 mm long, oblong, glabrous. Carpels 2, united, ovary superior, styles short, stigmas capitate, papillose. Fruit a berry, 2.5-4.0 cm in diameter, green, turning orange to red when ripe, globose, glabrous, thick-walled, 1-4 seeded. Seeds discoid, thick, very hard, surface sericeous.

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A tendrillar perennial, tendril often in pairs. Leaves simple, opposite, oblong, 5.0-13.0 cm, parallel sided, base broadly cuneate, 3 nerves very strong, 2 additional close to the margin, very slender, petiolate, petioles short, 1 mm long. Inflorescence in terminal cymes, short pedicelled, many-flowered. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, connate below forming a long linear tube, 5-10 times longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla tube, anther cells broadly oblong, obtuse. Carpels 2, syncarpous, ovary superior, styles exserted, stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a berry.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall, branchlets 4-angled or subulate, puberulous or glabrescent. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, petioles up to 2 mm long, leaf blade elliptic, oblong, obovate or suborbicular, typically at least some suborbicular to obovate and mucronate, 2.0-7.5 × 1-4 cm, papery to slightly leathery, glabrous or slightly indumented along veins abaxially, apex acute, obtuse with small mucro or retuse, base broadly cuneate to rounded, lateral nerves 3-7 pairs. Panicles 7-20 cm long, subpyramidal, puberulous, dense-flowered. Floral tube 7-11 mm long, smooth-walled or 6-ribbed, glabrous. Calyx deeply 6-lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-5.5 mm long, glabrous adaxially, acute, without ribs or furrows. Petals broad, crumpled and curled, purple, pink or white, orbicular, 12-25 mm long, claw 7-11 mm long. Stamens dimorphic, outer 6 stamens longer and larger than the numerous inner ones. Ovary glabrous, styles exserted, stigmas capitate. Fruit a globose or ellipsoidal capsule, 1.0-1.3 × 0.7-1.2 cm, 4 to 6-valved. Seeds including wing 8 mm long.

A medium-sized tree, bark grey, peeling off in irregular patches, all parts glabrous. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, shortly petioled, usually large, especially those of the young shoots 12-25 cm long, sometimes up to 45 cm long, blunt or rarely acuminate, chartaceous, glabrous, entire, distinctly pitted black on the veins. Flowers large, 5-8 cm in diameter, purplish lilac, on thick greyish powdery pedicels in terminal 2 to 3-flowered peduncled cymes. Sepals 6, lanceolate, acute, calyx in bud oblong-turbinate, greyish velvety, finely sulcate, but not ribbed. Petals 2.5-4.0 cm long, broadly elliptical or almost orbicular, clawed, crumpled and waved. Stamens many, all equal in size, filaments much exserted. Ovary sessile at the bottom of the calyx, ovules numerous, ascending, placentas axile, styles bent, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, 2.5-4.0 cm long, woody, oblong, mucronate, seated on woody stalk and persistent calyx, dehiscing into 6-valves. Seeds dark brown, with light brown wings.

A medium-sized to tall deciduous tree, young shoots, leaves and inflorescence covered with soft simple hairs, branchlets reddish, sharply 4-angled, bark smooth, grey or brown, peeling off in thin strips, blaze reddish-brown. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 5.0-10.5 × 2.5-4.0 cm, acuminate or acute at the apex, cordate to rounded at the base, glabrous above, whitish, glaucous pubescent beneath, lateral veins 5-7 on either half, upper ones meeting in loops, tertiaries prominently reticulate above, petioles very short. Inflorescence much-branched axillary or terminal panicles of cymes, cymes 2 to 5-flowered, pedunculate. Flowers small, fragrant, white, pedicellate, pedicels up to 7 mm long, slender, bracts leaf-like, bracteoles setose. Calyx tube broadly cupular, enlarging in fruits, sepals 6, triangular or lanceolate. Petals 6, membranous, ovate to oblong, margin undulate. Stamens inflexed in bud, outer 6 stamens longer than the rest. Ovary nearly globose, ovules many, styles filiform, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, 1.5-2.5 cm long, ovoid or ellipsoid, brown to blackish, 3 to 4-valved. Seeds brownish, with a terminal wing, wing thickened and somewhat curved on the back.

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A medium-sized, much branched deciduous tree, bark greyish to brown, smooth, peeling off in thin irregular flakes, blaze whitish. Leaves opposite, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 8.5-20.0 × 3.0-7.5 cm, acuminate at the apex, acute to rounded at the base, glabrous and finely reticulate on both surfaces, lateral nerves 8-12 on either half, prominent beneath, petioles 5-9 mm long, stout. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, 14.0-35.5 cm long, ultimate branches 1 to 3-flowered. Flowers large, showy, mauve-purple, 5-7 cm across, pedicels pubescent, thickened upwards and auriculated below the middle. Calyx tube turbinate, covered with white or ferruginous tomentum, ribbed with 12-14 prominent stout ridges, sepals 7-8 × 4.5-5.0 mm, spreading in fruits, woody, appendages minute, thick. Petals 2.5-4.0 × 2.0-2.5 cm, suborbicular or rotund-ovate, clawed, claw 5-6 mm long. Stamens all equal, shorter than the styles. Ovary 6 mm in diameter, ovules numerous, ascending, styles long, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid or subglobose, 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, smooth, seated on accrescent woody, ribbed calyx tube, 5 to 6-valved. Seeds triangular, pale brown, laterally expanded into an oblong wing.

A small to medium-sized tree, with a short trunk, crown bushy, bark pale yellowish-grey. Leaves opposite, elliptic, c 10.0 × 5.5 cm, obtuse, glabrous, petioles c 5 mm long. Inflorescence axillary panicles. Flowers c 3 cm across. Calyx tube campanulate, stellately tomentose, 12-ribbed, sepals 6, short, recurved. Petals 6, orbicular, undulate, narrowed to a short claw, purple or lilac-coloured when they first open, but soon fade to an almost white. Stamens numerous, inserted near the base of the calyx tube, filaments much exserted, anthers versatile. Ovary superior, globose, ovules many, ascending, placentation axile, styles long, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, egg-shaped, c 1.3 cm long, surrounded by persistent calyx at the base, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds many, c 8 mm long, winged.

A large deciduous tree, up to 35 m tall, trunk buttressed at the base, branchlets, petioles, undersurface of leaves, inflorescence and calyx densely covered with stellate hairs, bark greyish-brown, smooth, with longitudinal crakes. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 7.0-17.5 × 4.2-6.5 cm, acute to shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, abaxially tomentose, glabrescent except midrib, lateral veins 9-11 pairs, margin slightly toothed, petioles 4-8 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, dichotomously branched peduncled cymes. Flowers large, c 2.5 cm across, floral tube 6-merous, 8-10 mm long, 12-ribbed, densely golden tomentose. Sepals 3-4 mm long, adaxially completely glabrous, reflexed in fruits, sepal appendages absent. Petals white or yellowish, changing into pale lilac, oblong or ovate, 1.0-1.6 cm long, claw 3-5 mm long, filiform. Stamens numerous, dimorphic, inserted at the base of hypanthium. Ovary densely golden tomentose, styles long, curved, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, globose to ovoid-oblong, 1.0-1.5 × 0.8-1.1 cm, 6-valved, rugose, seated on persistent calyx. Seeds 6-7 mm long including the wing.

A leaf-sheathing shrub, sometimes growing out into a small tree, bark fairly smooth, rusty-brown, lateral branches 4-gonous, often ending in a spinous point. Leaves opposite, 1.0-4.4 × 0.5-1.8 cm, elliptic, ovate or obovate, apex acute or obtuse, base tapering, glabrous, petioles very short. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, up to 25 cm long. Flowers fragrant, pedicellate, pedicels 2.0-3.5 mm long, slender. Calyx tube campanulate, 3-5 mm long, sepals 4, spreading, 2.5-3.0 mm long, ovate, acute. Petals 4, usually greenish-yellow or white, 3-4 mm long, broad as long, suborbicular or subreniform with incurved much-curled borders. Stamens 8, much longer than the petals, filaments inserted at the top of hypanthium, anthers oblong. Ovary 4-celled, ovules many in each cell, placentation axile, styles thick, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, 4-8 mm in diameter, green and shining at first, but soon turning reddish, ultimately becoming hard, dry and brown, dehiscing irregularly, depressed-globose, slightly veined outside, supported by the persistent calyx and tipped with style. Seeds angular, c 2.5 mm long, smooth.

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A large shrub, about 2.5 m tall. Stem and branches pendulous, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous. Leaves 2-14 × 1-4 cm, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely falcate, more or less oblique, leathery, abaxially sparsely to densely tomentose and orange to black glandular punctate, adaxially glabrous, acuminate at the apex, rounded to subcordate at the base, entire, very shortly petiolate or almost sessile. Inflorescence axillary, short peduncled cymes, 3 to 16-flowered. Floral tube light red, red-orange, or deep red, greenish basally, narrowly cyathiform, 9-12 mm long. Sepals oblong-ovate or deltoid, 2-3 mm long, epicalyx segments scarcely present. Petals 6, thin, linear-lanceolate, 1-5 mm, about as long as sepals. Stamens 12, inserted above the base of the ovary, long-exserted. Ovary 2-loculed, oblong, 4-6 × 1.2-2.0 mm, ovules many, styles 8-15 mm long, stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, ovate to elliptic, 6-10 mm long and 2.5-4.5 mm broad. Seeds reddish brown, c 1.5 mm long, triangular.

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An evergreen, small to medium-sized tree, 10-20 m tall with smooth grey bark and erect branches. Leaves 12-25 × 6-10 cm, simple, alternate, thick and coriaceous, oblong to obovate, shining glossy above, rusty-brown below, leaf buds enclosed in rusty, pubescent sheaths which dehisce on unfolding of leaves. Flowers solitary, terminal on branchlets, 15-25 cm in diameter. Sepals large, petaloid. Petals obovate, expanded with a compact cluster of purple stamens at the center, glossy-white changing to cream, sweetly fragrant. Stamens numerous, free, 1.2-2.0 cm long, anthers adnate, yellow, introrse. Carpels numerous, 1.5-3.0 cm long, 1-2 ovuled. Fruits more or less ovoid. Seeds 1.0-1.2 cm long, bright red, the funicle of the seeds lengthen by uncoiling of the spiral vessel.

A medium-sized evergreen tree, c 25-30 m tall, crown more or less oval, branchlets thickly glabrate to rusty pilose, buds silky tomentose, bark grey, fairly plain but with shallow horizontal wrinkles and vertical fissures, dark brown and fibrous inside, turning darker brown after exposure, about 1.5 cm thick. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1-5 cm long, hairy, channelled, lamina oblong-elliptic, 15-35 × 12.5-15.0 cm, acute, pale beneath, cuneate at the base, thinly coriaceous, glabrous and somewhat shining and very finely reticulate above, densely felted tomentose and often variegated beneath, lateral nerves 20-28 on either side, straight or very slightly arcuate, base gradually or suddenly cuneate. Flowers about 8-15 cm across, appearing with the leaves, white to yellow, faintly scented, buds enclosed in silky scales, 5 × 2 cm, oblong, silky, peduncles silky, 2.7-3.6 cm long. Sepals 3-6. Petals 6, 0.5-0.8 × 0.8-2.5 cm, fleshy, britle, creamy-white or pale yellow, both sepals and petals enclosed in silky bracts. Stamens many, crowded a little below the carpels which adpressed in flower and form a cylindrical column. Carpels many, each c 3 mm long, styles slender and slightly recurved. Fruits of spike, 12-15 × 2.5-2.8 cm, compressed, 1-2 seeded, scarcely woody, axis scarcely thickened. Seeds 1-2 in each carpel, reddish-brown.

A small evergreen tree, 8-18 m tall, branches few, spreading, bark greenish or smooth with distant horizontal wrinkles often with large white patches, inside fibrous, brownish-yellow, grey, warty. Leaves petiolate, petioles 2.5-7.0 cm long, terete, swollen at the base, with stipular scars along the entire length, lamina 20-45 × 10-20 cm, oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, cuneate to acute at the base, acuminate to rounded at the apex, suddenly apiculate at the apex, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves 15-25 pairs, straight, parallel, ridged beneath. Flower buds subglobose or ovoid, 2.5-8.0 cm across, flowers white or pale pink, sweet-scented, never fully opening, 7-10 cm across. Sepals oblong, obtuse, c 3.0 × 2.5 cm, greenish-white, fleshy. Petals 6-9, in 2-3 series or whorls, similar to sepals in shape, purplish and greenish-white at the base. Stamens sessile, linear-lanceolate, c 1.5 × 2.5 cm, filaments short, yellowish, greyish velvety, connective produced beyond anthers, acute, glabrous. Carpels sessile, closely embracing and imbricating on gynophore, glabrous. Fruiting receptacles ovoid or ellipsoid, 10-15 × 5-9 cm, thick, ripe carpels ovoid, sharply beaked, 3-4 × c 1 cm, c 6 mm thick, dehiscent on ventral suture separating from the axis leaving deep square pits and seeds suspended by elastic silky cords from the upper ends of the pits. Seeds 3-4 in each carpel, oblong, plano-convex, c 9 × 7 mm and c 3 mm thick, red, shiny.

An evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall, branchlets pubescent when young. Leaves 18-35 × 9-18 cm, elliptic to obovate, attenuate at the base, obtuse or subacute at the apex, coriaceous, glabrous and shiny above, rusty tomentose beneath when young, lateral nerves 16-20 pairs, petioles 2-5 cm long, glabrous, stipules 10.0-12.5 cm long, greenish-white, caducous, stipular scars about as long as petioles. Flowers white, fragrant, 12.5-15.0 cm across. Perianth parts 9, outer 3 sepaloid, 5.0-7.5 cm long, green outside, greenish-white inside, coriaceous, inner 6 petaloid, dull-white, thinner. Stamens numerous, filaments short, anthers c 2 cm long, introrse. Gynoecium ovoid, c 3.5 cm in diameter. Fruiting receptacles ellipsoid, c 15 × 7 cm, ripe carpels oblong, 2.5-4.0 × 1.3 cm, narrowed at the apex into a flattened, lanceolate, c 3.5 × 1.0 mm beak. Seeds 2, orange.

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A large evergreen tree, up to 30 m in height and 2.3 m in girth, branches rusty pilose with grey pubescent branchlets, bark ash-grey, little rough. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, cuneate at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, 7.5-20.0 × 2.7-7.0 cm, membranous, glabrous, shining above, densely grey pilose beneath when young, glabrescent when mature, minutely pubescent on midrib, reticulations very close and fine beneath, nerves c 14 pairs on either half, slender, petioles up to 3 cm long, pubescent, stipules 0.6-1.2 cm long, brown silky. Flower buds ellipsoid, slender, pedicels up to 1.5 cm long, jointed in the middle, bracts deltoid, spathaceous, 2.2-0.5 cm long. Tepals 15-18, white to pale white, outer few narrowly lanceolate, c 2.2 × 0.5 cm. Stamens 7-8 mm long, connective produced above, apiculate. Carpels c 30, densely covered with greyish hairs, stalk up to 5-6 mm long, fruiting carpels subcylindric, up to 10 cm long. Seeds bright red.

An evergreen, medium to large tree, up to 25 m tall, bark dark grey, young shoots rusty tomentose. Leaves 8-25 × 4-10 cm, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, shiny and glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, lateral nerves 12-18 pairs, acute to cuneate at the base, finely long acuminate at the apex, petioles up to 3 cm long, subglabrous, stipules adnate to the petiole, subglabrous, up to 3 cm long, stipular scars 1-2 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary, 3.5-6.0 cm across, pale yellow, becoming orange, fragrant, pedicels up to 1.5 cm long, minutely tomentose, bracts spathaceous, broadly ovate, c 2.5 cm long, silky one side. Perianth parts 12-15, oblanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, fleshy. Stamens numerous, subclavate, filaments short, connective appendages c 1 mm long, anthers up to 8 mm long. Gynoecium stipitate, 1.5-2.0 cm long, glabrous, carpels numerous, ovoid-oblong, 8-10 × 4 mm, stigmatic crest recurved, c 2 mm long. Fruiting receptacles 8-15 cm long, ripe carpels woody, laxly arranged, ovoid to ellipsoid, 1-2 cm long, white speckled. Seeds many, enclosed by fleshy red aril.

An evergreen tree, bark grey with horizontal wrinkles and glabrous branches. Leaves 10-18 × 4-8 cm, oblong-elliptic or obovate, cuneate at the base, abruptly acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, glabrous, shiny above, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, petioles slender, thickened at the base, up to 2 cm long, glabrous. Flowers white, c 4 cm across, axillary, solitary or sometimes 2 from a short peduncle, pedicels 2.0-2.5 cm long, slender, pubescent, buds cylindrical, bracts caducous, leaving 3-4 annular scars at the middle of pedicels. Tepals 9 or fewer, 2.5× 0.6 cm, biseriate, oblong to oblanceolate. Stamens few, anthers up to 1 cm long. Gynoecium stipitate, glabrous, carpels 3-5, lax at anthesis. Fruiting carpels usually only one maturing, sessile or shortly stalked, ellipsoid to obovoid, 4-7 × 4.5 cm, lenticellate. Seeds 2 or 3, reddish-brown, faceted, suspended by an elastic cord.

An evergreen, glabrous, medium-sized tree, branches lenticellate. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 10-18 × 5-10 cm, acute at the base, subacute at the apex, firmly coriaceous, glabrous, shiny above, somewhat dull beneath, lateral nerves c 10 pairs, tertiary distinctly reticulate beneath, petioles 2.0-2.5 cm long, finely channelled, swollen at the base, stipules narrowly oblong. Flowers axillary, solitary on short pedicels, 6-8 cm across, white buds oblong, c 2.8 cm long, smooth. Sepals 3, linear, 1.5-8.0 × 0.3-4.0 cm. Petals 6, oblanceolate, in 2 series, inner series smaller. Stamens many, filaments short, anthers up to 1.6 cm long. Gynoecium stipitate, carpels c 60, sessile, c 1 × 1 mm, pale tomentose, styles short, stigmas recurved, glabrous. Fruiting receptacles 12-17 cm long, fleshy, ripe carpels oblong or obovoid, c 2.5 cm long, sparsely lenticellate, 2-seeded.

A fairly large evergreen tree, bark grey outside, smooth but with close mottled, aromatic. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obovate, somewhat suddenly acute, 8.5-19.0 × 3.0 cm, coriaceous, glabrous and shining on both surfaces, main lateral nerves 9-11 on either half, slender, often with a few intermediate ones between, tertiaries closely reticulate and distinct on both surfaces, base cuneate, petioles up to 2.5 cm long, slender, finely channelled, slightly swollen at the base. Flowers white, axillary, solitary or sometimes 2 from a short peduncle, pedicels slender, up to 2.5 cm long, buds cylindrical. Sepals and petals c 8, up to 2.5 cm long, oblanceolate or linear. Stamens overtopping the velvety gynoecium of 2-4 carpels. Ripe carpels 1-3, c 6 × 3 cm, obovoid, sessile or shortly stalked, woody. Seeds 3-4, 1.2 × 0.8 cm, reddish-brown, faceted, suspended by an elastic cord.

A large tree, up to 50 m tall, buttressed at the base, bark grey, rough warty, 2-4 cm thick, aromatic. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate-oblong, 8-15 × 4-6 cm, acute at the base, shortly acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, shiny above, glaucous beneath, lateral nerves 10-12 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces, petioles 1.5-2.5 cm long, swollen at the base, stipules narrowly oblong, as long as petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary, white, scarcely scented, buds ovoid, elongate, 2.5 cm long, pedicels short, annulate. Perianth parts 12, white, fading to pale yellow, narrowly obovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm long. Stamens 50 or more, filaments 2.5 mm long, anthers 1.5-2.0 cm long. Carpels 40 or more, ovoid, 1.2 × 1.0 mm, glabrous, stylar crest as long as ovary. Fruiting receptacles up to 15 cm long, ripe carpels sessile, obovoid, 20-12 mm long, woody, lenticellate, beaked, speckled.

Medium-sized tree, bark grey with horizontal wrinkles, young parts brown or red silky, soon glabrate. Bark thinly corky with wrinkles outside. Leaves oblong, obovate or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute to cuneate at the base, caudate-acuminate at the apex, 7.5-15.0 × 3.5-5.0 cm, coriaceous, glabrous on both the surfaces, shining above, pale or subglaucous beneath, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, obscure, reticulations visible on both surfaces, stipules as long as petioles, narrowly oblong, stipular scars 0.7-1.2 cm long, petioles stout, 1.2-1.5 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, 2.5-5.0 cm across, white, not much scented, buds ovoid, pointed, 2.0-2.3 cm long, densely silky. Sepals and petals 9-12, outer ones obovate-cuneate, inner ones narrowly oblanceolate, acute. Stamens many, shorter than gynoecium. Carpels many, beaked. Fruit in spikes, 5-10 cm long, ripe carpels 0.6-0.8 cm long, obovate or subglobular, compressed, not beaked, 8-10 mm across, lenticellate. Seed solitary, aromatic, with scarlet red aril and black testa.

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A small deciduous tree, often shrubby, young branches densely flavid-tomentose. Leaves opposite, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.0-9.5 × 1.5-5.0 cm, acute or obtuse at the base, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, densely flavid-tomentose on both surfaces when young, glabrous above when mature, petioles c 5 mm long, tomentose. Inflorescence a raceme, pedicels 14-15 cm long. Flowers bisexual, small, fragrant, white or lilac. Calyx 5-partite, lobes ovate. Petals 5, white, fimbriate. Stamens 5, glabrous, filaments c 11 mm long, anthers ovoid. Ovary 3-lobed, styles c 1.5 cm long, stigmas capitate. Fruits 3-winged samaras, wings pink, unequal, about 1-2 cm long.

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A bushy shrub or evergreen small tree, attaining up to 6 m in height, branches glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic or almost oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 × 2-4 cm, entire or undulating, dark green and glossy above, acuminate at the apex, acute or cuneate at the base, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous, petioles 1-4 mm long. Inflorescence sessile or short peduncled, axillary cymes with 3-5 flowers. Flowers regular, bisexual, rose-red, 12-16 mm across. Calyx 5-partite, lobes oblong-subelliptic. Petals 5, fringed, slender-clawed. Stamens 10, filaments united below, anthers ovoid. Ovary 3-locular, styles 3, c 4 mm long. Fruit a juicy drupe, depressed-ovoid. Seeds 3, triangular, ridged.

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An annual or perennial shrub or small tree, 1-2 m tall, young branches, petioles and pedicels densely covered with minute stellate hairs and patent simple hairs. Leaves with petioles 1.5-12.0 cm long, lamina ovate to orbicular, cordate, 3-5 lobed or partite with an extra tooth in the sinus, stipules 0.5-1.5 cm long, linear to lanceolate, often falcate. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm long. Epicalyx segments 1.5-3.0 × 1.0-2.5 cm, ovate, entire or toothed, cordate, acute, accrescent. Calyx c 5 mm long, cup-shaped, inconspicuously 5-dentate. Corolla pale yellow, rarely red or purple, petals 3-5 cm long, obovate, with or without a purplish centre. Stamens numerous, forming a column, 1.5-2.0 cm long, filaments 1.5-2.0 mm long. Pistil with 3-4 loculed ovaries and 1 short style with clavate, sulcate stigmas. Fruit a capsule, 1.5-3.0 cm in diameter, ovoid to globose, with a beak up to 4 mm long, outside densely pitted and glabrous, 3-4 loculed. Seeds 5-17 per locule, ovoid to globular, each 5-7 mm in diameter, with copious, fairly long, white or rusty lint firmly attached to the seed, fuzz present.

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A small tree to a scandent shrub or occasionally a climber on tall trees, with a trunk up to 20 cm in diameter. Young stem and petioles stellately hairy. Leaves with petioles 2-7 cm long, lamina 5-15 × 4-12 cm, ovate, unlobed, cordate, palmately 5-7 vined at the base, acute, dentate to denticulate, stellately hairy, more on the lower surface, glabrescent and chartaceous later, stipules 8-12 × 2-3 mm, linear to lanceolate, both the surfaces stellately tomentose. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, fragrant, pedicels as long as or longer than the petioles, 3-5 cm long, jointed about 3-10 mm below the flowers. Epicalyx segments 5, connate at the base, each segment 6-10 × 4-8 mm, ovate, acuminate, stellately tomentose on both surfaces. Calyx lobes fused up to the middle, 1-2 × 0.5-1.0 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely stellately tomentose on both surfaces. Corolla about 4 cm across, pink or white with pink veins, and a pale yellow centre, fragrant, petals 5, each 2.0-2.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm, obovate, apex rounded, base cuneate, ciliate, outer surface with some scattered long stellate hairs, inner surface glabrous. Staminal column about 1 cm long, antheriferous throughout the length, filaments 3-4 mm long, purplish. Ovary 5-celled, stylar branches 5, each with a capitate stigma. Fruit a capsule, 3-4 × 1.5-2.0 cm, ovoid, dehiscing into 5 parts, outer surface densely stellately hairy, inner surface glossy. Seeds 2-3 per locule, each c 2 mm broad, reniform, densely woolly.

A small tree, young branches with tufted, stiff, reddish-brown, filiform hairs, intermixed with stellate pubescence, mature parts glabrescent. Leaves with petioles as long as the lamina, lamina 15-45 × 15-40 cm, 5-9 nerved, broadly ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, entire, abruptly acuminate, downy with silky stellate hairs, denser on the lower surface, upper surface dark brown, lower grey, stipules 5-10 × 2-4 cm, foliaceous, 7-9 veined, silky tomentose. Flowers solitary, axillary or in terminal racemes, pedicels 2-4 cm long, accrescent up to 7 cm. Epicalyx segments 10-12, each 2-3 × 0.2-0.3 cm, lanceolate, setose on the outer surface with long yellowish-brown hairs, with short appressed hair inside. Calyx 5-lobed, connate below the middle, lobes 2.5-3.0 × 0.5-0.7 cm, lanceolate, 3-veined, stellately pubescent outside, denser and tufted at the upper part, with long appressed simple hairs on the inner surface. Corolla campanulate, 5-7 cm across, yellow with a dark purple centre, petals 5, each 5-7 × 3-5 cm, obovoid, rounded at the apex. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, staminal column about 4 cm long, antheriferous throughout. Ovary 6 × 4 mm, conical, stylar branches 4-6 mm long, stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, 3 × 2 cm, ovoid to obovoid, with a beak about 5 mm long. Seeds numerous in each locule, about 4 mm thick, reniform with long stiff fulvous hairs in line, along the dorsal edge.

An erect robust shrub, up to 5 m tall, bushy, young parts densely covered with greyish, stellate hairs, intermingled with minute glandular hairs. Leaves with petioles 5-15 cm long, lamina 6-16 × 6-16 cm, 7-9 veined at the base, cordate to subcordate, palmately 5-7 lobed, lobes triangular, acute to acuminate, irregularly crenate to dentate, lower surface densely stellately hairy, stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, tomentose. Flowers axillary, solitary, large, single or double, pedicels 6-10 cm long, joined near the tip, about 1-2 cm below the flower. Epicalyx segments 8-12, each 15-25 × 1-2 mm, linear to lanceolate, tomentose, at first tip incurved and erect, finally spreading. Calyx connate below the middle, 5-lobed, lobes 2.5-3.5 × 0.1 cm, accrescent, ovate-lanceolate, outside densely stellately hairy, intermingled with dense minute glandular hairs, inner surface with simple hairs excepting the densely stellately hairy margin, 4-5 nerved. Corolla 5-10 cm across, pale pink to rose, turning red with age, petals 5, each 3-5 × 2-4 cm, obovate to suborbicular, sparsely stellately hairy without, margin stellately hairy at the base. Staminal column fused to the inner petals, 5-angled, antheriferous throughout the length. Ovary 5-6 mm long, roundish, with white silky hairs, 5-locular, ovules many in each locule, stigmas yellow or white. Fruit a capsule, 2.0-2.5 cm long, globose to subglobose, apex densely stellately hairy, intermingled with simple hairs and short glandular hairs, loculicidally split into 5 valves. Seeds c 2 × 1.5 mm, brownish-black, thick, reniform, stellately hairy on the back, intermingled with long simple hairs.

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A small tree, up to 10 m tall, stellately tomentose to glabrescent, inner bark tough, fibrous. Leaves with petioles 1.5-10.0 cm long, lamina 3-15 × 2-16 cm, unlobed, orbicular to broadly ovate, deeply cordate to rounded or truncate, 5-7 veined at the base, acute, entire or crenate, with one or more linear nectaries on the veins on the lower surface of lamina, stipules 1.5-3.0 × 0.5-1.0 cm, foliaceous, ovate to oblong, caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary or in terminal short racemes, pedicels 1-2 cm long, accrescent up to 3 cm, not jointed. Epicalyx cupular, divided above the middle into 7-10 segments, each 4-6 × 2-3 mm, acute, shorter than the calyx, often reflexed in fruits. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes 2-3 × 0.5-1.0 cm, 1-3 veined, with nectary on the midvein outside, connate up to the middle. Corolla campanulate, 4-6 cm across, petals 5, obovate, rounded, fleshy, yellow with a dark purple centre, changing to red later. Staminal column shorter than the petals, antheriferous throuhgout. Ovary 5 mm long, oblong, pubescent, style 1, distally 5-branched, stigmas usually discoid. Fruit a capsule, 1.0-2.5 × 1-2 cm, globose to ovoid with a short beak, tomentose outside with stellate and simple hairs, 10-loculed by the presence of false vertical dissepiments. Seeds 5 or more in each locule, vertically arranged, dark brown, 4-5 mm long, reniform, papillose.

An annual undershrub, lower part prostrate and upper part erect, up to 1 m high, with branched taproot and herbaceous, branched, cylindrical stem. Stem, petioles, veins and pedicels with 4-armed, adpressed stellate hairs of which two arms pointing upwards and two arms downwards. Leaves with petioles 0.5-4.0 cm long (up to half the length of lamina), lamina 1-8 × 0.5-4.0 cm, ovate-oblong, sometimes lanceolate or elliptic, base cuneate, obtuse or rounded, acute to obtuse, coarsely serrate to dentate, 5-nerved at the base, upper surface with adpressed simple hairs and lower surface with adpressed stellate hairs, stipules linear to lanceolae, 5-10 × 1.5 mm, entire or slightly serrated with strigose hairs. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal clusters of 2-4, pedicels 2-7 mm long, accrescent up to 10 mm. Epicalyx segments 3.0-7.5 × 0.5-1.0 mm, linear to lanceolate, acute, densely strigose hairy. Calyx 5-10 mm long, campanulate, 5-lobed, fused below the middle, lobes 3-5 mm long, deltoid to ovate, acuminate, slightly accrescent, 4-armed, stellate hairy outside, margin with stiff simple hairs, upper free portion inside stellately hairy, and the lower portion ensheathing the schizocarp, glabrous. Corolla 1.5-2.0 cm across, yellow, petals 5, 7-10 × 4-6 mm, obliquely obovate, apex rounded or emarginate, ciliate. Staminal column 2-3 mm long, conical, glabrous, antheriferous at the apex without any sterile teeth. Fruit a discoid schizocarp, apex depressed, with a minute central beak, mericarps 10-13, 2-3 mm long, inner edge at the top with a 1.0-1.5 mm long awn and with 2 awns 0.5-0.7 mm each on the outer edge, at the top pointing outwards, dorsal surface of the upper half with erect simple hairs, lower half with minute stellate hairs or glabrous, laterally with prominent radial veins. Seeds c 1-5 mm across, glabrous, brownish-black.

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A medium-sized tree, 5-10 m tall, with dense crown, branches densely covered with brown to silvery minute scales, glabrescent. Leaves with petioles 6-10 cm long, covered with scales, lamina 5-16 × 4-14 cm, ovate to oblong, rarely orbicular, cordate, 7-nerved at the base, entire, acute to acuminate, domatia present on the main veins beneath, covered with minute scales, glabrescent, stipules 4-8 mm long, lanceolate to linear, caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicels 2-5 cm long, accrescent up to 7 cm, jointed near the base, glabrescent. Epicalyx segments 3, 5-10 × 1-2 mm, oblong to lanceolate, acute, entire, surface scaly, caducous. Calyx campanulate, 8-12 × 10-15 mm, apex truncate with 5 minute teeth, accrescent, flattened and hemispheric in fruits, densely scaly outside, densely hirsute within. Corolla campanulate, large, showy, light yellow with dark purple centre, changing into pink before fall, petals 4-5 × 3-4 cm, obliquely obovate, apex rounded. Staminal column 2.0-2.5 cm long. Ovary globose to ovoid, styles 2.5-3.0 cm long, stigmas connate to a clavate, 5-sulcate body. Fruit a capsule, 2.5-3.5 cm across, globose, 4-5 loculed, indehiscent. Seeds 8-10 × 6-8 mm, obovoid, densely covered with yellowish-brown hairs.

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A glabrous large evergreen tree, branchlets terete, with 4 raised decurrent lines, bark ashy-grey, smooth. Leaves elliptic to ovate-oblong, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, acute at the base, petioles 5-6 cm long, almost caudate-acuminate, 10-12 cm long, thin coriaceous, rather glossy above, turning more or less yellowish-green in dry, lateral nerves thin but visible and merging towards the margin. Flowers small, sky blue, pedicels 2.5-3.7 cm long, slender, forming poor umbellates on short partial peduncles in the axils of the leaves. Calyx white, smooth, bell-shaped, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter. Truncate and 4-toothed, radiately lamellate within, petals nearly a line long. Berries globular, the size of a large peas, glabrous, green, 1-seeded, crowned by the short calyx limb, the disk radiately 8-lamellate.

An evergreen tree, with a straight bole and dense compact crown, bark grey, about 1 cm thick. Leaves 6.5-16.5 × 3.0-6.5 cm, broadly elliptic-lanceolate or oblong to elliptic, acuminate at the apex, acute to acuminate at the base, margin slightly recurved, thinly coriaceous, usually drying yellowish, lateral nerves faint and obscure, petioles short, up to 8 mm long, stout. Inflorescence pedunculate cymes, axillary or from axils of fallen leaves, peduncles of fruiting cyme 0.5-1.8 cm long, glabrous, pedicels 4-7 mm long. Flowers 0.5-0.7 cm across. Sepals 4, glabrous. Petals 4, spreading or deflexed, bluish-white, dropped at anthesis. Stamens 8, equal, with blue or pinkish-blue dorsal horns, filaments filiform, anthers with thecae opening by slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, subglobose, broader than long, crowned by the calyx lobes, ovules several, placentation central, styles filiform, stigmas punctiform. Fruit a berry, 1.1-1.6 cm long, broadly ovoid or subglobose, the size of a cherry, succulent, black when ripe.