Forest Emission Factor Database

Trees to 32 m tall, to 0.6 m d.b.h. Branchlets glabrous, subglabrous, or puberulent when young. Petiole 8-30 cm, glabrous, subglabrous, or puberulent; leaf blade 5-9-foliolate; petiolules 0.3-1.5 cm (leaflets rarely subsessile), glabrous, subglabrous, or sparsely puberulent and dark glandular when young; leaflet blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, rarely lanceolate to oblanceolate or narrowly so, (7-)12-35(-42) × (3-)5-18 cm, abaxially glabrous, or puberulent or pilose on veins when young, base cuneate or broadly so or rounded, margin crenulate to serrulate, apex acuminate to caudate; lateral veins in 17-30 pairs. Inflorescence pale yellow puberulent; peduncle 7-13 cm; thyrse cylindric, (22-)27-45 cm, 5-14 cm wide at base; branches 2-7 cm, 3-11-flowered; pedicels 3-7 mm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 4-8 mm, abaxially gray or pale yellowish gray puberulent or finely gray velutinous. Petals 4, white or pale yellow, with purple or brown spots, sometimes orange toward base or claw reddish, unequal, 2 spatulate to oblong and 2 oblong-obovate or obovate, 13-22 × 3-7 mm, abaxially gray puberulent or velutinous. Stamens 5-7, 18-40 mm; filament glabrous; anther 1.5-3 mm. Style glabrous, subglabrous, sparsely puberulent, or tomentose. Capsule yellowish brown, ovoid to obovoid, subglobose, or depressed globose, 4.5-5 × 3-7.5 cm, dotted but smooth; pericarp 1.5-2 mm thick after drying. Seed usually 1, brown, globose, subglobose, or depressed globose, 3-7 cm in diam.

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A shrub, up to 2.0-2.5 m tall, branches glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate, very rarely 1-5 foliolate, petioles terete, base grooved or flattened, 2-4 cm long, 1-4 mm thick, petiolules present, leaflets ovate or obovate, 3-5 × 1.2-4.0 cm, terminal one larger than laterals, membranous or coriaceous, dark green above and pale green beneath, base cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded, margin entire or crenate, lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, joined near margin. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, erect, up to 8 cm long, raceme or thyrse, unbranched, glabrous, peduncles 2-4 cm long. Flowers in subsessile to short-stalked, many-flowered, umbel-like dichasial, bracts shorter than pedicels, subulate, slender. Sepals 4, green, 1.0-1.5 × 0.8-1.2 mm, entire to denticulate, glabrous. Petals nail-shaped to spathulate, white, glabrous. Stamens 8, subequal, exserted in male flowers, filaments sparsely woolly in the lower part, anthers 0.5 mm long. Disc saucer-shaped, usually lobed, glabrous, orange. Ovary deeply 3-lobed, lobes obovoid, sparsely to densely pilose, styles 0.7-1.0 mm long, stigmas 3-forked. Fruits mostly with one mericarp developed, globular, narrowed at the base, 4.5-8.0 × 3.5-8.0 mm, smooth, green when young, red when ripe, black to brown when dry.

A small tree or large shrub, up to 10 m tall, bark grey. Leaves trifoliate, petioles 10-15 cm long, glabrous, petiolules 1 cm long, leaflets oblanceolate-elliptic, 8-15 × 4-8 cm, tip acuminate, base cuneate, oblique in lateral one, margin subentire or obscurely serrulate, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, joined near margin. Inflorescence axillary, 2 in one axil, up to 20 cm long raceme or thyrse, glabrous, peduncles 4-6 cm long. Flowers in subsessile to short-stalked, many-flowered umbel-like dichasial cincini, bracts minute, subulate, slender. Sepals 4, greenish-white, 1-3 × 0.8-1.8 mm, entire to denticulate, glabrous. Petals nail-shaped to spathulate, white, glabrous. Stamens 8, subequal, exserted, filaments sparsely woolly in the lower part, anthers 0.5 mm long. Disc saucer-shaped, usually lobed, glabrous. Ovary deeply (2) 3-lobed, lobes obovoid, sparsely to densely pilose, styles 1.0-1.5 mm long, pilose, stigmas (2) 3-forked. Fruits mostly with one mericarp developed, cocci, 6 mm in diameter, red when ripe.

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A medium-sized to large tree, up to 40 m tall, trunk c 80 cm in diameter, twigs terete with 5 faint grooves, whitish to dark brown. Leaves 2-4 jugate, axial parts hairy, the young leaves reddish in colour but soon turn green, petioles 5-25 cm long, flattened above, petiolules 0.2-3.5 mm long, grooved above, leaflets elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5-40 × 2-15 cm, coriaceous, with or without naked glands, tomentose on the basal part of nerves, base equal or oblique or rounded, margin entire, apex obtuse to acuminate, midrib sunken above. Inflorescence 8-40 cm long, densely tufted tomentose, branches few to several, ascending, branchlets bearing subsessile or distinctly stalked 3-5 flowered cymes, bracts patent, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2-5 × 0.5-1.5 mm, pedicels 1-3 mm long. Flowers both male and bisexual, being found mingled on the same tree. Sepals 2-5 × 1-3 mm, hairy. Petals 5, broadly to narrowly spathulate, 2-5 × 1-2 mm, woolly both sides. Disc velutinous. Stamens 8, filaments 1-6 mm long, mostly woolly, anthers 0.6-1.5 mm long. Fruits pendulous, forming clusters rather like grapes, broadly ellipsoid to globular, 1-3 × 1-3 cm, smooth to warty or with spines, up to 1 cm long, glabrescent, containing a single large seed surrounded by a thin layer of white juicy pulp.

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A shrub or small tree, up to 15 m tall, heart wood dark brown, extremely hard, branchlets angular, young shoots more or less viscid with bright yellow resin. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 6-15 × 2-4 cm, papyraceous, apex rounded or minutely acuminate, nerves 4-8 mm apart, widely spreading, ending free, margin entire, base cuneate. Inflorescence 3-4 cm long, laxly and widely branched, 12-15 flowered, pedicels in fruits 1.0-1.5 cm long. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3 or 4, elliptic, 2.0 × 1.5 mm, margin sparsely hairy, glabrous inside, the scar under the fruit strongly lobed. Stamens 5-7, scars distinct in fruits, filaments 0.2 mm long, anthers basally attached, 1.8 mm long, ciliate at the apex. Pistil 2, or rarely 3-locular, ovary flattened, ellipsoid, 1 × 1 mm, glabrous, styles columnar, 2-3 mm long, stigmas irregularly lobed. Fruits inflated, reniform-cordate, 8-12 × 10-15 mm, membranous, yellowish to light brown, glabrous, wing at the middle of the fruit, 2-4 mm wide, membranous. Seeds opaque, dark brown or black, with a thickened funicle.

A handsome evergreen tree, attains a fair size, bark blackish and flakes off in small pieces to show a reddish-brown colour beneath, young parts covered with scaly hairs, branches with large, prominent leaf scars. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, 5-jugate, rachis broadly winged between each pair of leaflets, wings narrowing towards the base, leaflets 12-16, narrowly elliptic, 10-15 × 3-5 cm, glabrous, shiny, lateral nerves many, straight, scalariform. Inflorescence in erect, narrow, axillary to pseudoterminal panicles, 15-20 cm long. Flowers unisexual, numerous, minute. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, ciliate, with scaly hairs outside. Petals 5, elliptic, as long as sepals, ciliate. Disc flat, 5-lobed, complete, densely pilose. Stamens 5, glabrous, exserted in male flowers. Ovary compressed, globose, finely hairy at the base, bilocular, rudimentary in male flowers, styles short, stigmas 2-lobed, one ovule per locule. Drupes egg-shaped, 1-seeded, smooth, glabrous, thin-walled, turning purple when ripe. Seeds without fleshy structure.

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A tree or very rarely a shrub, up to 30 m high, young parts densely hirsute. Leaves 2-6 jugate, petioles 5-15 cm long, petiolules 3-8 mm long, hairy, leaflets ovate to elliptic, 5-30 × 2-10 cm, base oblique with upper half cordate or both sides acute or symmetrical and acute to rounded, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous above but sparsely hairy on nerves, nerves 0.7-2.0 cm apart, above flat. Inflorescence axillary to ramiflorous or cauliflorous, hairy, ramified only near the base into several axes of about the same length, 17-35 cm long, in fruits up to 60 cm long, pedicels in fruits 1-3 cm long. Sepals equal, ovate to obovate, 5-10 × 3-5 mm. Petals clawed, claw 3-7 mm long, white, outside glabrous or sparsely hairy, margin ciliate. Disc sparsely to densely hairy. Stamens 5 or rarely 7, filaments 1.0-1.5 cm long, anthers 2.0-2.5 mm long. Pistil 2-4 locular, styles 1.5-2.0 cm long, ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Fruits 1.5-3.0 × 2.5-6.7 cm, stipe up to 7 mm long, lobes spreading, slender, ellipsoid to globular, outside prominently veined to smooth, red to orange, sparsely hairy, wall thin, chartaceous to woody, inside reddish, sparsely hairy to glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule, black, brown or dark purple, sarcotesta up to 2.5 mm wide, orange.

A tree, up to 30 m tall. Leaves 3-6 jugate, petioles up to 20 cm long, petiolules 5-10 mm long, glabrous, leaflets ovate to elliptic to obovate, 5-20 × 2-10 cm, base symmetrical to oblique, rounded, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous or very sparsely hairy on the midrib, nerves 1-3 cm apart. Inflorescence axillary, erect or pendulous, solitary, 5-50 cm long, hairy, sparsely or widely branched, bearing many flowers, bracts small. Flowers fragrant. Sepals elliptic to sub-orbicular, 3-6 × 2-4 mm, persistent in fruits, hairy. Petals oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 5-10 × 2-3 mm, white to creamy (rarely yellow, greenish or pink), glabrous. Disc complete, velvety. Stamens 5, rarely 6, filaments 2-3 mm long, white, anthers yellow, 2-3 mm long. Pistil 2-locular, ovary light green, yellow or reddish-brown, styles 2-6 mm long, ovule 1 per locule. Fruits kidney-shaped, broadly ovoid or obovoid, 1-2 × 1-3 cm, base truncate, stipe 1-3 mm long, apex apiculate, wall leathery to woody, inside red, outside velvety hairy, brown. Seeds shining brown to black, with a bright glossy-red arillode.

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A small tree, up to 10 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous or variably fulvous to ferrugineous hairy. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, 2-3 jugate, petioles 5-15 cm long, petiolules 2-7 mm long, leaflets opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 × 2-4 cm, chartaceous, glabrous, base slightly oblique, apex tapering to abruptly acuminate, margin entire, lateral veins 8-10 pairs, distinct on under surface, with axillary glands on some pairs. Inflorescence axillary or terminal pubescent panicles, 5-30 cm long, hairy, long pedunculate, the ultimate branches with 1-3 flowers, bracts ovate-lanceolate to subulate, up to 5 mm long, pedicels up to 6 mm long. Flowers white or greenish or pink, 7-10 mm across, sweet-scented. Sepals 5, imbricate, free, outer 2 ovate to suborbicular, 3-7 × 2-6 mm, densely ciliolate, inside glabrous, inner 3 elliptic to orbicular, ovate to obovate, 2-6 × 1.8-5.0 mm, margin mostly narrow, petaloid. Petals 4 or 5, 3-8 mm long, claw 0.5-3.0 mm long, blade elliptic-oblong to ovate, 1.5-4.0 mm wide, more or less dentate in the upper part, shaggy hairy at the claw, inside glabrous, scale mostly well-developed, entire to deeply 2-4 lobed, glabrous. Stamens 8, filaments 1.5-4.5 mm long, densely woolly, anthers elliptic to oblong, 1.0-2.5 mm long, connectives broad and obtuse, woolly to glabrous. Ovary and lower part of styles densely hairy, ovary sessile, (2) 3-celled, styles apical, as long as ovary, stigmas globular or dome-shaped, ovule 1 per locule. Fruits drupaceous, trigonous, turbinate, c 1 cm long, septa never interrupted. Seeds brown, testa papery, probably partly fleshy when fresh.

A shrub or a small tree, up to 16 m tall, branchelets terete, grooved, densely hairy when young. Leaves 3-6 jugate, often with pseudoterminal leaflets, velvety at the young stage, petioles terete, 7-12 cm long, densely hairy, glabrous later, petiolules up to 1 cm long, leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, 6-20 × 4-11 cm, greyish-green above, yellowish-green to reddish-brown beneath, velvety in both sides, rounded to cuneate at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, often mucronulate, lateral nerves 8-12 on both sides. Inflorescence 25-40 cm long, densely tomentose, branches often long, sessile to short-stalked cymes bearing few to many flowers. Flowers sweet-scented. Sepals 5, orbicular-ovate, slightly concave, green, ciliate, outer two 1.2-2.2 × 1.2-2.0 mm, acute, inner three 1.8-2.8 × 2-3 mm, obtuse. Petals 4 or 5, claw 0.5-1.0 mm long, blade 2-4 × 1.5-2.2 mm, white to yellowish, long ciliate in the upper part of the claw, sparsely hairy in the blade, scale quadrangular, 1.5-3.0 mm long. Filaments flattened, white hairy, anthers oblong-ovate, glabrous, 0.8 mm long. Ovary 3-lobed, 1.2-1.8 × 2.0-2.2 mm, densely appressed hairy, style cylindrical, 2.2 mm long, obscurely 3-lobed. Fruits 1-3 lobed, 8-13 × 2.0-2.3 mm, dark purple to nearly black when ripe, subglabrous, endocarp thin but hard. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid, 9-11 × 4 mm.

A shrub or a small tree, up to 10 m tall, young parts densely or sparsely hairy, twigs terete, greyish to brown or black, smooth or verrucose by many small, orbicular lenticels. Leaves simple, leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, widest above the middle, 7-35 × 2-15 cm, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, greyish-green above, yellowish-green to light brown beneath, base acute to obtuse, subcordate in sessile leaves, obtuse to mucronulate at the apex, lateral nerves 7-20 per side, looped and joined at some distance from margin. Inflorescence subglabrous, few to several fascicled, simple or sparsely branched racemes or thyrse, up to 60 cm long, cymes distant, short-stalked, 3-flowered, pedicels 1-6 mm long. Flowers fragrant, female one develop first. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), dark red, concave, outer 2 oblong-ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, 1-3 × 1.0-1.2 mm, margin crenulate, inner 3 up to 4 × 3 mm, petaloid. Petals 5 (rarely 4), greenish-white, imbricate, short clawed to sessile, blade elliptic to oblong, 2.5-4.5 × 1-2 mm, entire, rounded, glabrous, scale minute to two-fifth length of the blade, simple to deeply bilobed. Disc entire, annular to saucer-shaped. Stamens (5) 7, filaments flattened, 1-4 mm long, white, woolly, anthers elliptic to ovate, 1-2 mm long, light yellow, old one purple, connectives apiculate. Ovary (2) 3-lobed, stiff hairy, styles cylindrical, 1-2 mm long, straight or curved, stigmas decurrently half way down the styles. Fruits 2-lobed, sessile or stipe up to 2 mm long, lobes ellipsoid to globular, 8-15 × 5-15 mm, smooth, red to black when ripe. Seeds ovoid to globular, 7-8 × 6-7 mm, testa shining brown to black.

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A large shrub or a medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall, branchlets terete, glabrous or variably fulvous to ferrugineous hairy, greyish-brown. Leaves paripinnate, 2-10 jugate, petioles 5-50 cm long, petiolules 2-25 mm long, leaflets opposite, lanceolate to elliptic, ovate to obovate, 10-50 × 4-15 cm, chartaceous, glabrous or hairy, base slightly oblique, acute to rounded or subcordate, apex tapering to abruptly acuminate. Inflorescence 5-60 cm long, hairy, long pedunculate, often ramiflorus cymes, sessile or short stalked, up to c 7-flowered, bracts ovate-lanceolate to subulate, up to 5 mm long, pedicels up to 6 mm long. Flowers white or greenish or pink, sweet-scented. Sepals 5, imbricate, free, outer 2 ovate to suborbicular, 1.2-7.0 × 1.2-6.0 mm, densely ciliolate, inside glabrous, inner 3 elliptic to orbicular, ovate to obovate, 2.2-6.2 × 1.8-6.0 mm, margin mostly narrow. Petals 4 or 5, 2.2-10.0 mm long, claw 0.5-3.0 mm long, blade elliptic to oblong to ovate, 1.2-4.0 mm wide, more or less dentate in the upper part, shaggy hairy at the claw, inside glabrous, scale mostly well-developed, entire to deeply 2-4 lobed, glabrous. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or up to 15, filaments 1.5-6.5 mm long, densely woolly, anthers elliptic to oblong, 0.8-2.5 mm long, connectives broad and obtuse, woolly to glabrous. Ovary and lower part of styles densely hairy, ovary sessile, lobed, 2-3 celled, ovule 1 per cell, styles apical, as long as ovary, stigmas globular or dome-shaped. Fruits green when young, later yellowish-grey or greyish-pink, flattened ellipsoid or subglobular, velvety, slightly lobed, 1.5-5.0 cm in diameter, septa never interrupted. Seeds brown, testa papery, probably partly fleshy when fresh.

An evergreen, medium-sized tree, up to 35 m tall and 1 m in girth, branchlets greyish-brown, terete, smooth or lenticellate. Leaves 2-4 jugate, petioles swollen and slightly hollowed at the base, 1-7 cm long, glabrous, petiolules swollen at the base, grooved above, leaflets elliptic or obovate, 5-12 × 2-6 cm, glaucous above, glabrous beneath, base equal-sided to slightly oblique, acute to attenuate, margin entire, slightly recurved, tip acute to acuminate, midrib narrowly grooved above. Inflorescence 15-30 cm long with few long erecto-patent branches, ferrugineous-strigose. Flowers greenish or yellowish, fragrant. Calyx 4-merous, 1.5-2.0 mm long. Petals absent or very inconspicuous. Disc variably hairy or glabrous. Stamens 6 (-10), filaments 2.5 mm long, densely hairy, filiform, anthers elliptic, apiculate. Pistils 0.5-1.0 mm long, stipitate, ovary densely warty, styles terete. Fruits globose or ovoid, juicy, 3.5 × 3.0 cm, bright red or purplish when ripe, variably warty or nearly smooth, 1-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, 2.0 × 1.5 cm, testa shining black or dark brown, hilum basal, circular, arillode white, light yellow or pinkish, up to 5 mm thick when fresh.

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A shrub or a medium-sized tree, up to 15-20 m tall, puberulous on young parts and especially in the inflorescence, brownish ferruginous. Leaves 2-5 jugate, petioles 3-20 cm long, petiolules 3-12 mm long, leaflets ovate to elliptic, 7-35 × 2-8 cm, base rounded, midrib above prominent, angular, lateral nerves 9-20 per side, veins reticulate. Inflorescence axillary or pseudo-terminal, main axis up to 40 cm long, secondary axis up to 20 cm long, cymules up to 11 mm long, bracts triangular, 6.0 × 1.5 mm. Calyx hardly connate, lobes triangular to ovate, 0.7-2.0 × 1-2 mm, subcoriaceous to fleshy, sometimes 1 to 3 nerves visible, outside puberulous to pubescent. Petals 5, usually unequal, ovate to elliptic, minute, 2 × 1 mm, glabrous or pubescent, usually auriculate. Disc annular, 1-2 mm in diameter, sometimes irregularly lobed. Stamens 7 or 8, 3-4 mm long, filaments puberulous, anthers papillate, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Pistil puberulous. Fruits 1.0-2.5 cm long, glabrous, stipe up to 12 mm long, seed bearing part globose to elliptic to obovoid, triangular to triquetrous in cross section, 0.4-1.3 cm in diameter, inside glabrous, endocarp incomplete to complete. Seeds ellipsoid to globose, 8-12 mm long.

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A medium-sized, deciduous tree, up to 15 m tall and 1 m in girth, bark dark or pale grey, somewhat rough, exfoliating in irregular woody scales. Leaves 1-5 jugate, up to 40 cm long, petioles terete to triangular, marginated to winged, 2-5 cm long, hardly to distinctly swollen at the base, leaflets subopposite, elliptic to lanceolate, 6-16 × 3-6 cm, chartaceous, glabrous, base oblique, apex emarginate, lateral nerves 10-15 pairs. Inflorescence up to 25 cm long, panicle densely fulvous tomentose. Flowers regular, cream-white. Sepals orbicular to broadly ovate, concave, ciliolate, outer one 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter, inner two 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter. Petals 5, purple, oblong-ovate to ovate, 1.5-2.5 × 1.0-1.2 mm, nearly glabrous outside, short clawed with 2 scales at the top of claw, bearded with long white woolly hairs, margin woolly ciliate. Disc annular, glabrous. Stamens 8, long exserted, filaments 0.5-1.0 mm long, hairy, anthers 0.5-1.0 mm long, glabrous. Pistil glabrous, 2 mm long. Drupes solitary or in pair, fleshy, subglobuar, 1.0-1.2 cm in diameter, glabrous. Seeds subglobular, 0.8-1.0 cm in diameter.

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A medium-sized to large tree, up to 40 m tall, trunk up to 2 m in diameter, branches terete, black when young, later yellowish-brown, young parts sparsely or fulvous hairy. Leaves 2-4 jugate, young leaves deep purple, petioles terete, flattened or grooved above, 2-6 cm long, pulvinate, rhachis tri-angular, petiolules swollen, 1-3 mm long, leaflets elliptic to obovate, 4-25 × 3-9 cm, coriaceous, dark brown or greyish-green above, light brown to greenish beneath, glabrous, base subacute to cuneate, often oblique, margin entire, apex obtuse or emerginate, lateral nerves 12-15 pairs or more, looped and joined near margin. Inflorescence 6-15 cm long, sparsely hairy. Flowers pale yellow or pale green. Sepals ovate to deltoid, 1.5 mm long, obtuse to acute, hairy on both sides, margin ciliate, deciduous in fruits. Filaments 2 mm long, sparsely hairy, anthers broadly elliptic, 0.7 mm long, emarginate at the apex. Pistil strongly reduced in male flowers, ovary ovoid, slightly triangular, c 1.5 mm long, styles rather thick, 1.0-1.5 mm long. Fruits broadly ovoid to sub-globular, 15 × 13 mm when 1-seeded or transversely ellipsoid, slightly flattened, bi-lobed, 17-20 × 18 mm when 2-seeded, narrowed at the base, pointed at the apex, yellow. Seeds subglobular, 12 × 10, hilum orbicular, testa dull brown, smooth and glabrous, arils yellow.

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A small tree, up to 15 m tall. Leaves paripinnate, 2-jugate, petioles 4-7 cm long, leaflets oblong to elliptic, 4-15 × 2-6 cm, glabrous, base acute, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margin entire, nerves 5-7 pairs, joined near margin, petiolules 3-10 mm long. Inflorescence 5-15 cm long, bearing several lax and often several flowered cymes, the lower long stalked, consisting of a central flower and many-flowered monochasial branches, the upper sessile and monochasial forming dense cluster branches, flowers glabrescent, bracts deltoid to lanceolate, 1.5 mm long, sparsely hairy, deciduous, pedicels 1.5-5.0 mm long. Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free, equal, ovate to obovate, 1.5-2.8 × 1.4-2.5 mm, ciliate or glabrous. Petals obovate to spathulate, 1-3 × 0.5-1.0 mm, bigger in male than that in female flowers. Disc uninterrupted, yellow. Stamens 8, filaments 2-5 mm long, woolly in the lower half, anthers 0.5-1.0 mm long, glabrous. Fruits oblong-ellipsoid, 2-3 × 1.5-2.0 cm, densely warty, orange to pink, 1-seeded, pedicels in fruits slightly swollen. Seeds ellipsoid or ovate, 10-12 × 4-5 mm, chocolate-coloured, glabrous, arillate, aril yellow, thin.

A medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. Leaves paripinnate, 2-3 jugate, petioles 2-7 cm long, glabrous to pubescent, petiolules 2-12 mm long, leaflets elliptic, 15-20 × 8-12 cm, coriaceous, gland dotted, base obtuse to acute, apex rounded to acuminate, nerves ending free. Inflorescence up to 25 cm long if solitary, 5-6 cm if tufted, all branches bearing few to many sessile or subsessile, few to several flowered cymes and solitary flower at the apex. Flowers 4-merous, bracts lanceolate to deltoid, 1.5 mm long, sparsely hairy, pedicels c 2 mm long. Sepals free or slightly connected, outer 2 smaller than inner ones, ovate to obovate, 1-2 × 1.0-2.4 mm, glabrous, ciliate. Petals obovate to broadly spathulate, 1-3 × 0.5-1.5 mm, short to long clawed with an ovate to elliptic blade. Disc uninterrupted. Stamens 8 or rarely 9, filaments 1.5-2.5 mm long, woolly, anthers 0.4-0.8 mm long, glabrous. Fruit lobes ellipsoid to subglobular, 2-5 × 1-4 cm, aculeate to tuberculate, red or dark brown, wall corky or woody, pedicels in fruits strongly swollen, 4-7 mm thick.

Trees up to 20 m high, branches glabrescent. Leaves oblong-obovate, petiolate. Inflorescence 5-30-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, pedicellate. Bracteoles circular. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes ovate, apex obtuse to rounded, hairy within. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes ovate, margins glabrous. Stamens 5; filaments deltoid, anthers ovoid; staminode absent. Ovary ferruginous-villous, 7-10-locular; style glabrous, stigma 7-10-lobed. Fruit globose, purplish-brown, glabrous, 4-8-seeded. Seeds obovate.

It grows as a tree up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 40 cm (16 in). The bark is grey to dark brown. Inflorescences bear up to 45 flowers. The fruit are brownish to purplish black, ripening yellow, round, up to 4 cm (2 in) in diameter.

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A medium-sized to large deciduous tree, milky latex present, bark grey to greyish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, clustered at the end of branches, elliptic-oblong, 12-20 cm long, entire, thickly coriaceous, base broad, apex acuminate. Leaves fall off in spring for flowers to bloom soon thereafter. Flowers appear in cluster near the end of branches, pedicellate, bisexual, always directed downwards, pedicels up to 5 cm long. Sepals 4 (2+2), free, 1-2 cm long, rusty tomentose, persistent. Corolla with 8 petals, succulent, forming a cup of 1.5 × 1.5 cm, free parts (lobes) c 1 cm long, arranged in 2 series, colour off-white, with strong pleasant scent. Stamens 20, attached to the throat of corolla tube, arranged in 2-3 series, filaments very short, anthers obtuse, c 5 mm long, 2-lobed, bursting longitudinally. Ovary few-celled, style 1, up to 4 cm long, persistent, stigma 1, pointed. Fruit a berry, egg-shaped, greenish, usually 1-seeded.

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Large evergreen tree with milky latex, bark greyish-brown, crown spreading. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, crowded at ends of branchlets, obovate-oblong, 11-17 × 5-8 cm, entire, emarginate, secondary veins numerous. Flowers in axillary clusters, pedicellate, bisexual, pale yellow, c 1 cm across. Calyx of 6 sepals, sepals free. Corolla lobes (petals) 18, in 2-series, outer 12 linear, inner 6 larger. Stamens 6, alternating with 6 staminodes. Ovary 12-celled, hairy, style and stigma 1. Fruits berry, up to 1.5 cm long, olive-shaped, glabrous, red when ripe. Seed usually 1, rarely 2.

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A small evergreen tree with milky latex. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, crowded at the end of branchlets, ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 7-12 × 2.5-3.5 cm, subcoriaceous, entire, base broad, apex obtuse, glabrous. Flowers in leaf axils, pedicellate, bisexual, white, 1.0-1.5 cm across. Sepals 6, biseriate, outer 3 larger, tomentose, ovate. Petals 6, united, free at upper part. Stamens 6, opposite to the petals, alternating with 6 petaloid staminodes. Ovary many-celled, style 1, stigma 1, pointed. Fruit a fleshy berry, usually globose, 5-10 cm in diameter, rusty-brown. Seeds 5-12, shining black, 2 cm long.

A large evergreen tree with dense rounded crown and milky latex, trunk cylindric, bark dark grey. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, petioles 2.0-3.5 cm long, lamina ovate, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 7-12 × 3.5-5.0 cm, entire, base cuneate to broad, apex acuminate, venation pinnate reticulate. Flowers bisexual, clustered in leaf axils, 2-6 in a cluster, sometimes solitary, pedicellate, pedicels 5-6 mm long, tomentose, creamy-white, fragrant, open flower star-shaped, up to 2 cm across. Calyx with 6 sepals, sepals free, c 1 cm long, lanceolate, outer surface tomentose. Corolla with 24 petals, united at the base forming a small tube, outer 16 spreading, c 8 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute, inner 8 petals erect, encircling the staminal column. Stamens 8, filaments short, anthers oblong, c 4 mm long, alternating with 8 staminodes. Ovary hirsute, 6-8 celled, style 1, longer than corolla, stigmas pointed. Fruit a berry, with persistent calyx, 3-4 cm long, pubescent when young, smooth, shining and turning orange when ripe. Seed single, embedded in juicy pulp.

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A tall evergreen tree, up to 20 m height, bark dark brown. Stem and branches with milky latex, young branches rusty tomentose. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, 15-30 cm long, entire, base cuneate, apex subobtuse, young leaves silky tomentose beneath, mature leaves glabrous. Flowers bisexual, fragrant, white, produced in lax clusters towards the end of branches, pedicellate. Sepals 6, united below, free and biseriate above. Petals 6, united. Stamens 12, attached to the base of corolla, anthers lanceolate. Carpels united, forming a 6-celled ovary, styles linear. Fruit a berry, obovid, c 4 cm long, velvety-brown.

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A shrub to low tree, up to 40 m tall. Bark brown, angulate branchlet, rusty coloured, seriseous to tomentose when young, glabrescent. Leaves scattered, petiolate, petioles 0.5-5.0 cm long, leaf blade obovate to lanceolate, 6-24 × 1.5-15.0 cm, membranous, papery, or leathery, blackish tomentose or sericeous but glabrescent, adaxially shining and glabrous, cuneate at the base, apex rounded or acuminate, lateral veins 7-18 pairs. Flowers pistillate or bisexual, green to white, several in axillary clusters, 5-6 merous, pedicels 0.2-1.0 cm long, rust-coloured with white tomentose. Sepals 5-6, rounded or broadly ovate, 0.2-0.3 cm long, outside white to yellow or rust-coloured tomentose, inside glabrous, margin ciliate to fimbriate. Corolla with campanulate petals, 0.3-0.5 cm long, lobes 5, broadly ovate to oblong. Stamens 0.2-0.3 cm long, sometimes abortive, staminodes lanceolate to triangular, sometimes absent. Ovary conical to obovoid, rust-coloured, hirsute, 5-10 locular, styles conical, 0.1-0.2 cm long, 5-ribbed. Fruits fresh, white to coloured, 1-5 seeded, globose to obovoid, 1.0-1.5 × 1.5 cm, pericarp membranous, glabrous. Seeds oblique, fusiform, 0.8-1.2 × 0.2-0.4 cm, yellow with narrow elliptic scar.

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Trees 20(-28) m tall. Trunk to 40(-50) cm d.b.h., bark grayish brown. Young branchlets sparsely rust colored tomentose. Leaves opposite or subopposite, sometimes alternate; stipules subulate, 3--4 mm, early deciduous; petiole 1-2(-3) cm, without appendages; leaf blade oblong or rarely elliptic, 10-18(-35) X 4-8(-13) cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate and usually oblique, apex acuminate to acute, lateral veins (7-)8-11(-13) pairs with conspicuous glandular pits in each axils. Flowers in panicles, rarely racemes, rust colored tomentose, aromatic. Sepals ovate, 2--3 X 1.5--2.5 mm, margin membranous, outside rust colored tomentose, inside glabrous. Corolla green becoming white, 4-5 mm; lobes obovate to oblong, 2.5-3 mm, glabrous. Staminodes narrowly triangular to subulate, 0.5-1 mm, inserted in throat. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Stigma 3-fid. Drupe, green purple, oblong, 1.5-2.5 X 0.7-1.5 cm, glabrous, 1-seeded.

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A small, fast growing, deciduous, soft wooded tree, up to 10 m tall, bark light to dark brown, fissured in old tree. Leaves paripinnate, 13-30 cm long, leaflets 20-60, oblong, glabrous, stipels deciduous, minute, 1.5-2.8 cm long. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 2-4 flowered. Flowers large. Calyx c 2.5 cm long, glabrous, 2-lipped. Corolla 8-10 cm long, white or tinged with red. Fruit a pod, 30-50 cm long, falcate, firm, not torulose, suture much thickened. Seeds many.

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A large polygamous, lofty, deciduous tree, c 20-25 m tall, bark smooth, ash-coloured. Leaves large, c 30-90 cm long, abruptly pinnate, leaflets c 8-14 pairs, 10-15 cm long, alternate or subopposite, irregularly glandular-toothed, variable in shape, unequal and oblique at the base, glabrous, petioles c 2-3 cm long. Inflorescence a large lax panicle, consisting of small cymes of open clusters, bracts minute, softly pubescent. Flowers polygamous, very small, many, slightly tinged with yellow, male, female and bisexual flowers being intermingled on the same tree. Calyx 5-lobed in bisexual flowers, c 2 mm long, triangular. Petals 5, glabrous, c 3-4 × 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, much larger than the sepals. Stamens 10, inserted below the disc, filaments 0.5 mm long, glabrous, shorter than the petals, anthers c 1 mm long. Ovary 5-partite, sparsely hairy, styles 5, free or connate at the base, stigmas short and capitellate. Male flowers similar to bisexual flowers but without rudimenatry ovary. Fruit a samara, reddish-brown, consisting of 1 or more flat, papery pods, c 3.5-6.0 × 1.0-1.5 cm, lanceolate to linear-oblong, reticulate above the seeds, once or twice twisted at the base. Seed 1 at the center of the samara.

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A small to medium-sized, evergreen, glabrous (except inflorescence) tree, c 6-20 m high, bark ashy-grey or dark brown, smooth, inner bark whitish, when incised exudes a liquid which solidifies to a yellowish transparent extremely bitter gum, all parts of the trees including wood very bitter. Leaves imparipinnate, stipulate, stipules c 1.0-1.5 cm long, broadly ovate-orbicular, leaflets 3-7, large, c 4-18 × 3 cm, elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, glabrous, dark green, abruptly acuminate, margin entire, sometimes wavy or wrinkled, cuneate at the base, petioles 2-7 cm long, petiolules 1-5 mm long, villous, elongating in fruits. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, pubescent, cymes c 6-20 cm long. Flowers greenish to dull white, pedicels 8-13 mm long, villous, elongating in fruits. Sepals c 1 mm long, triangular to ovate. Petals 4 in male flowers, 2-3 × 1.0-1.5 mm, in female flowers 3-6 × 3-4 mm, ovate-oblong or oblong. Disc 4-lobed, hairy. Stamens 4, 2-5 mm long. Carpels 4, styles 2 mm long. Fruit a drupe, subglobose on cushion-like disc, black when ripe.

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A large glabrous tree, up to 45 m tall with pendulous branches, young branches obtusely quadrangular, drooping. Leaves 10-30 × 5-12 cm, petiolate, petioles 4-8 mm long, reddish-pink, leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, base rounded to shallowly cordate, acuminate, midrib prominent with pairs of nerves arching into an intramarginal vein, coriaceous, dark green on the upper surface and glaucous beneath. Inflorescence 5 to many-flowered, terminal, drooping corymb. Flowers emitting an offensive smell, pedicels stout, 3-4 cm long. Calyx 2.5-3.0 cm across, obconical or cup-shaped, lobes 1.5-2.0 cm long, triangular-ovate, acute to acuminate, fruiting sepals enlarged, woody, patent or reflexed. Corolla 3-4 × 2.5-3.0 cm, obovate, obtuse, crisped white with short claws. Stamens numerous, white, longer than petals, anthers curved. Ovary broadly conical, styles 5.0-7.5 cm long, stigmas dark green, thick, lobed. Fruit a capsule, 2-4 cm in diameter with 4-8 longitudinal clefts, brown. Seeds 4-5 mm long, light brown, numerous.

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A low tree, up to 10 m or even more tall with a broad, lax canopy, pneumatophores many, corky. Leaves petiolate, petioles 3-10 mm long, stout, leaf blade obovate, ovate or orbicular, 5-8 × 3-5 cm, thickly coriaceous, base rounded or cuneate, apex broadly rounded, often emarginate, margin entire, lateral nerves hardly conspicuous. Inflorescence 1-5 flowered. Flower bud at least 1.5 times longer than broad, oblong, narrowed at both ends, flowers penta- to octamerous. Calyx 3.0-3.5 cm long, tube obconical, lobes ovate-oblong, as long as or shorter than the tube, green outside, red inside, erect during anthesis but reflexed in ripe berry, hypanthium cup-shaped, sometimes ribbed, 1.5-2.0 cm long. Petals linear, 13-20 × 1 mm, almost like stamens, mostly white. Stamens 1.5-4.0 cm long, filaments white. Ovary half-inferior with 12-20 carpels, depressed-globose, styles 2.5-4.5 cm long, stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry, c 3 × 4 cm when ripe, obconical with persistent calyx and pointed style. Seeds sickle-shaped.

A moderate to large-sized tree with pendulous branches, bark thin, light-brown, irregularly fissured, stem base not buttressed, pneumatophores arising from horizontal roots, corky, sometimes forked twice or thrice, associated with anchor roots and nutrition roots. Leaves petiolate, petioles 5-10 mm long, leaf blade elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, 5.5-13.0 × 1.5-3.5 cm, coriaceous, attenuate at the base, tapering towards the apex, nerves indistinct. Flowers 1.5-2.0 cm across, green or yellowish-white, in axillary, solitary or terminal, 3-flowered dichasial or 7-flowered cymes from the branch axils. Calyx 1.5-2.0 cm long in flower, lobes up to twice as long as the tube, in ripe fruit horizontally expanded or reflexed. Petals absent. Stamens many, caducous, anthers reniform. Ovary nearly free from the calyx, stigmas flattened and broadened during anthesis, papillose, persistent. Fruit a berry, 1.2-1.8 × 2.0-2.5 cm, broadly globose, thin-walled.

A low tree, up to 15 m tall with a lax canopy, ultimate branchlets drooping when young, obtusely quadrangular, rarely sharply 4-angled, occasionally even narrowly 4-winged, pneumatophores many, corky, arising from the horizontal roots. Leaves petiolate, petioles very short or obsolete, leaf blade elliptic-oblong or obovate, 5-13 × 2-5 cm, coriaceous, mucronate at the apex, cuneate at the base, margin entire, on either side of the rather strong midrib with inconspicuous lateral nerves. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered dichasia, terminal at the ends of outer twigs or in the axils of distal leaves with at least one pair of subtending bracteoles, flower bud up to twice as long as broad, oval with a rounded, often slightly pointed apex. Calyx 3.0-3.5 cm long, shallowly cup-shaped, lobes usually longer than the tube, greenish or yellowish-white inside, almost horizontally spreading in ripe berry, hypanthium shallowly saucer-shaped, smooth, ribbed along sepal margin. Petals 17-25 × 1.5-3.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, red. Stamens numerous, inserted on the inner rim of the calyx tube, filaments 2.5-3.5 cm long, slender, red in the lower part and white in the upper part, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, depressed-globose, with 13-20 carpels, each with many ovules on essentially axile plancentas, styles 3-6 cm long, stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry, 2-4 × 3.5-7.5 cm, green, seated on the flattened calyx tube. Seeds irregularly angular.