Forest Emission Factor Database

A shrub or small tree, usually 1.5-2.0 m high, with rusty-brown branches, young twigs warty. Leaves oval, obovate or elliptic, varying in different cultivated strains or varieties, 3.8-6.3 cm long, dark green above, paler glaucous beneath, deciduous, borne on the extreme tips of the slender branches. Stipules persistent, bracts numerous. Flowers in clusters of 3-5, yellowish-green or yellow, 5-lobed. Styles free, heterostylous. Fruit a drupe, red. Seeds sub-trigonous, endosperm abundant.

A bushy shrub or much-branched small tree, up to 8 m tall, branchlets lenticellate, young shots reddish, bark greyish-white, rough, thin. Leaves 3-8 × 0.8-2.6 cm, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, subacute or bluntly acuminate, rarely rounded at the apex, entire, chartaceous, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, red when young, midrib prominent, lateral nerves obscure, petioles short, usually red, stipules intrapetiolar, subulate. Flowers white, 2-5 mm long, solitary, bisexual, pedicels 1.3 cm long, slender. Sepals 5, rarely 6, free, 1.2 × 3.0 mm, persistent. Petals 5, 1-2 mm long. Stamens 10, rarely 14, unequal, anthers basifixed, dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3. Fruit a drupe, 10-14 × 3.5-4.0 mm, trigonous, red when ripe, shining with persistent calyx.

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An evergreen shrub or a small tree, up to 3 m tall. Leaves hardly coriaceous, greenish or yellowish when dry, nerves 6-12 pairs, arched, surfaces sub-similar. Sepals 5-6, variable in length, obtuse, apiculate or truncate. Petals very variable. Male and female flowers in same cluster or not, males several, shortly pedicelled, female clustered or solitary, pedicels slender. Ovary globose, 3-lobed, styles 3, 2-fid, lobes recurved. Fruit a globose capsule, c 2.5 cm across, depressed, 3-angled, on a slender stalk.

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Shrubs or small trees, monoecious. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, rounded, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, crenate-serrate to cuspidate-dentate along margins, cuspidate-acuminate at apex, 8 - 13 x 4 - 8 cm, pellucid-dotted, softly pubescent beneath, palmately 3-nerved with usually large glands at base; stipels lanceolate, 4 - 6 mm long; petioles stout, 5 - 15 mm long; stipules subulate, small. Male flowers: with short 2 - 2.5 mm long pedicels on 10 - 15 cm long racemes; calyx glabrous, usually splitting irregularly. Female flowers: on 10 - 15 cm long racemes; sepals lanceolate, ca 4 mm long, glandular at base; ovary tomentose; styles free nearly to base. Fruits globose capsule, faintly 3-lobed, 12 - 14 mm in diam., softly grey-pubescent. Seeds subglobose, dorsally compressed, rugose.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall, densely hairy or glabrescent. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petioles 5-12 cm long, villous, stipulate, stipules linear, acuminate, c 7 mm long, caducous, leaf blade ovate to deltoid, 8.0-19.5 × 5.0-14.5 cm, apex abruptly apiculate, base truncate or subcordate, with 2 stipellae at point of petiole insertion, latter linear, 3-4 mm long, also with 1-3 macular glands, margin dentate, glandular with short hairs, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, triplinerved, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, not arching, ending near the margin, veins scalariform, distinctly prominent beneath. Inflorescence solitary to groups of racemes, villous, up to 10 cm long in fruits. Flowers unisexual, sessile or subsessile. Staminate flowers with minute bracts, sepals 2 or 3, ovate, stamens with short filaments. Pistillate flowers with linear, acuminate bracts, sepals 6, ovate, outer whorls 2-3 mm long, ovary ovoid, villous, minutely tubercled, style c 1 mm long, stigma 4-8 mm long, erect. Fruit a capsule, ovoid or globose, c 12 × 8 mm, finely verrucose beneath the middle, villous. Seeds ridged, tuberculate.

A medium-sized evergreen tree, of about 18 m tall, young branches stellate-pubescent. Stem 38-50 cm throughout. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, petiolate, polymorphic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7.5-15.0 × 6.3-7.5 cm, larger leaves strongly tri-lobed, c 20 × 23 cm, entire or shallowly 3-7 lobed, apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse or truncate, stellate pubescent or tomentose, glabrous, drying darkbrown above, paler beneath, margin thickened, paler at maturity, petioles 4.5-15.0 cm long, stellate-pubescent with pair of glands present at the point of insertion with lamina. Panicles dense, 10 cm long and a little wider. Flowers very numerous, white, scurfy puberulous. Male flowers: with calyx 2.5 mm long, splitting into 2 or 3 lobes, puberulous, densely stellate-pubescent without, glabrous within, corolla 4.0-4.5 × 1.0-1.5 mm, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, stamens 15-20, closely arranged on narrowly conical, hairy receptacle, filaments c 0.5 mm long, subglabrous, anthers c 0.3 mm long. Female flowers: pedicels 2-3 mm long, stellate-pubescent, corolla c 10 × 2 mm, linear-oblanceolate, otherwise similar to male, ovary c 1.5 × 2 mm, subglobose, style c 1 mm long. Fruit a drupe, 5.0-6.3 cm long, subglobose, usually 2-seeded, sparsely stellate-pubescent, fleshy, olive-coloured. Seeds 1 or 2.

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A large deciduous shrub or small tree with spreading branches and rusty pubescent young parts. Leaves 4-8 cm long, turning deep red before falling, variable, oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, glabrous and glossy above, rusty-pubescent along the nerves beneath, lateral nerves 5-8 on each side, petioles short, pubescent, stipules linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, acute, pubescent. Flowers dioecious, pedicellate, minute in lax terminal and lateral racemes. Male flowers: pedicels 1.0-1.5 mm long, slender, calyx 4-lobed, broadly ovate, c 0.5 mm long, acute, glabrous without, pilose within, disc of 2-3 connate pulviniform glands, stamens 2, arising out of the centre of each glands, filaments 2 mm long, anthers c 0.5 mm long, pistillode absent. Female flowers: pedicels c 0.3 mm long, stout, calyx more deeply lobed than in the males, disc annular, ovary glabrous, ellipsoid, c 0.8 × 0.5 mm, smooth, styles 2, bi-fid, c 0.5 mm long. Fruits subglobose when fresh, ovoid when dried, 3.5-4.0 × 2.0-2.5 mm, reddish-purple, endocarp 4-ridged, coarsly reticulate.

Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m high, branchlets glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 10-23 × 4-10 cm, distichous, oblong, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acuminate at the apex, cuneate, obtuse and unequal at the base, entire, sparsely pubescent on midrib, lateral veins 8-11 on each side, petioles short, stipules linear, silky, 4-9 mm long, lanceolate, pubescent, persistent. Racemes slender, 2-4 branched, 4-11 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. Male flowers in panicles, rachis pubescent, pedicels short, c 1.2 mm long, calyx 3-4 lobed, glabrous, stamens 3-4. Female flowers in much larger panicled racemes, pedicels 1.0-1.6 mm long, calyx pubescent, ovary 2.0-2.4 mm long, style terminal. Fruits 4-5 mm long, red when ripe, ultimately blackish, ellipsoid, acuminate, crowned by the style.

A deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high, branchlets brownish tomentose. Leaves broadly oblong, 4-10 × 2-6 cm, obtuse, base rounded or sub-cordate, pubescent or tomentose beneath, petioles 0.6-1.5 cm long, densely rusty tomentose. Spikes much-branched, 3-7 cm long, densely rusty tomentose. Flowers sessile. Male flowers slender, calyx deeply 5-lobed, minute, stamens 4-5, filaments c 0.5 mm long, very slender, anthers c 0.3 mm in diameter, black when dry. Female flowers on short pedicels, 0.8 mm long, ovary pubescent. Fruits c 4 mm long, subglobose, glabrous, 1-seeded, deep purplish-black when fresh.

A shrub or small tree, with simple indumentum, young shoots sparsely pubescent, branchlets greyish-white. Leaves alternate, bifarious, 5.5-15.0 × 2.5-6.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or acute at the base, entire, eglandular, dark green above, midrib and nerves sparingly pubescent when young, otherwise glabrous, lateral nerves 6-10 on either half, shortly petiolate, petioles 2-7 mm long, stipules linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, male racemes slender, pubescent, up to 6 cm long, much longer than the females. Flowers dioecious, pedicellate, bracteate, bract 1 per flower. Male flowers: calyx shortly 3-4 lobed, cupular, imbricate, petals absent, stamens 2-4, filaments free, anthers extrorse in bud, versatile, connective thick, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers: sepals as in the male, petals absent, disk annular, ovary 1-celled, ovules 2, style short, stigma bilobed. Fruit a drupe, 5-7 × 3-4 mm, subglobose or ellipsoid, compressed, endocarp strongly reticulate. Seeds ecarunculate, albumen fleshy.

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. Leaves elliptic to oblong, ovate or obovate, 9-18 × 3-6 cm, membranaceous to chartaceous, acute to obtuse at the base, glabrous except along the major veins, rarely slightly pilose abaxially, petioles 2-6 mm long, stipules linear to subulate, 2-7 × 0.5-1.5 mm. Male inflorescence 3-13 cm long, axillary, simple to much-branched, consisting of up to 10 racemes. Male flowers: calyx tube c 1 mm long, sepals apically rounded to obtuse, pilose to glabrous outside, glabrous inside, disc cushion-shaped, much shorter than the sepals, subglabrous, stamens 1.0-1.5 mm long. Female inflorescence 4-10 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple to branched, consisting of up to 5 racemes. Female flowers: pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm long, calyx tube 0.5-1.0 mm long, cup-shaped, sepals apically rounded to acuminate, pilose or glabrous, rarely pubescent outside, glabrous inside but often some long hairs at the base, disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous, ovary ovoid, glabrous, style terminal or slightly subterminal. Fruits terete to slightly compressed, 4-6 × 2.5-4.5 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal, rarely slightly subterminal style, glabrous.

A shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branches tomentose, branchlets glabrous or pubescent, bark brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 8.5-18.0 × 2.5-5.0 cm, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or sometimes unequal at the base, entire, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, the midrib above and nerves beneath pubescent, lateral veins 6-12 on either half, jointed by intramarginal nerve, petioles up to 6 mm long, tomentose, stipules 3-5 mm long, persistent. Inflorescence racemose, racemes short, 2-5 cm long, tomentose. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, bracteate, bract 1 in each flower. Male flowers: pedicels 0.8-1.0 mm long, calyx 4-lobed, lobes imbricate, petals absent, disk glabrous, hemispheric, stamens 4, episepalous, filaments free, anthers inflexed in bud, versatile, connective elongated, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers: pedicels 1-2 mm long, calyx as in the male, petals absent, ovary 1-celled, glabrous, ovules 2, style short, stigma 2-lobed, terminal. Fruit a drupe, c 4 mm in diameter, ovoid, with subterminal style. Seeds ecarunculate, with fleshy albumen, cotyledons thin, flat.

A shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall, young branches and leaves densely rusty villous. Leaves 8-25 × 4-10 cm, obovate, obovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, caudate to acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, entire, subcoriaceous, puberulous above, villous tomentose beneath, lateral nerves 8-10 on either half, spreading, rachis stout, densely tomentose, petioles c 4 mm long, stipules linear-lanceolate, persistent. Spikes 4-15 cm long, stout, dense, sometimes sub-panicled. Flowers greenish, bracteate, bract 1 per flower, minute. Male flowers: calyx 3-4 lobed, imbricate in bud, villous, petals absent, disk cushion-shaped, glabrous, stamens 3-4, filaments free, anthers extrorse in bud, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally, pistillode subglobose. Female flowers: calyx lobes 3-4, disk hairy, ovary 1-locular, straight, tomentose, ovules 2, style very short, stigma terminal. Fruits 0.5-0.8 cm long, subsessile, ovoid to ellipsoid, sub-compressed, bright red. Seeds ecarunculate, cotyledons broad, flat.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. Leaves oblong to obovate, 7-l5 × 2.5-5.5 cm, chartaceous, acuminate at the apex, acute to obtuse or rounded at the base, glabrous except along the midrib adaxially, ferrugineous-pubescent abaxially, major veins impressed adaxially, drying reddish-brown, petioles 2-6 mm long, densely pubescent, stipules caducous, linear, 3.2-6.5 × 0.5-1.0 mm, pubescent. Male inflorescence 4-7 cm long, axillary, branched racemes, bracts lanceolate, 0.3-0.8 × 0.3-0.5 mm, pubescent. Male flowers: sessile, calyx tube 0.4-0.8 mm long, cup or bowl-shaped, sepals 3-5, almost free to fused for half of their length, irregularly shaped, pilose to pubescent on both sides, disc lobed, lobes often filling the space between filaments and pistillode and thus appearing cushion-shaped, slightly constricted at the base, glabrous, stamens 3, rarely 4, 1-2 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 × 0.3-0.4 mm, pistillode clavate, 0.4-0.5 × 0.2-0.3 mm, pubescent. Female inflorescence 2-4 cm long, axillary, more rarely cauline, branched, consisting of up to 7 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent to pilose, bracts lanceolate, 0.5-1.0 × 0.3-0.5 mm, pubescent. Female flowers: pedicels 0.3-0.5 mm long, calyx tube 0.7-1.0 mm long, pitcher-shaped, sepals 3-5, fused for half of their length, apically truncate to acute, pilose to pubescent on both sides, disc much shorter than the sepals, glabrous, ovary sub-cylindrical, pilose to glabrous, more rarely pubescent, style terminal, stigmas 4-8. Fruits ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 4-5 × 2.5-3.0 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal to slightly subterminal style, pilose to almost glabrous.

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m high, mainly glabrous, branches whitish to greyish. Leaves simple, ovate to elliptic, 6-25 × 2.0-9.5 cm, chartaceous, drying above and beneath yellow to light greenish, acuminate to cuspidate at the apex, rounded to acute at the base, basal glands distinct, blackish, margin subentire, marginal glands rare, disk-like glands few, within marginal arches, venation distinct on both sides, lateral nerves 8-12 on either half, petioles 0.7-3.5 cm long, reniform, pulvini distinct, stipules triangular, 4-5 × 2-3 mm, caducous. Inflorescence axillary. Staminate inflorescence 2-7 together, 10.0-18.5 × 1.5-2.0 mm, hairy, peduncle absent, bracts triangular, 0.6-1.0 mm long, glomerules indistinct, with 8-10 densely set flowers, continuously spaced along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.6-1.0 mm long, scented, sessile, sepals 4, obovate, 1.0-1.5 mm long, free, light yellow, petals absent, stamens 2, 0.5-0.8 mm long, not exserted, light yellow, anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long, pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescence 1-3 together, 2-4 mm long, tomentose, flowers up to 5, densely set along rachis. Pistillate flowers 1.8-2.5 mm long, pedicels minute, sericeous, sepals 4 or 5, ovate to elliptic, patent, 0.7-1.2 mm long, petals absent, ovary 2-celled, glabrous, style absent, stigma 0.4-0.5 mm long, bifid to near the base. Fruits globose, 8-11 × 8-11 mm, maroon-red, not beaked, drying brownish to black, glabrous, not fleshy. Seeds c 7 mm in diameter, orange.

An evergreen small tree, bark greyish-brown, almost glabrous, reticulately fissured. Leaves 8-16 × 2-7 cm, thinly coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate or apiculate, base rounded or cuneate, with 2 glands at junction with petiole, rarely obtuse, entire, sinutely toothed, glabrous, sometimes hairy on the veins beneath, lateral veins 5-8 on either half. Male flowers: in spikes, 1-4 per axil, up to 4 cm long, bracts broad, rounded, ciliate, c 2 mm long, sepals thick, triangular, 2 mm long. Female flowers: ovary 2.5-3.0 mm long, pubescent. Fruits ovoid-oblong, with a peak at the end, almost glabrous or sparsely hairy.

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A large tree. Stem glabrous, branches rather stout. Leaves 10-20 × 3-6 cm, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base acute or rounded, rather coriaceous, pale green and rather shining when dry, nerves 5-7 pairs, very slender. Flowers in spikes, often clustered, petioles 1-2 mm long. Male flowers bracteate, bracts tomentose, spikes rather stout, sepals 4, c 2.5 cm long, tomentose, stamens 2. Female flowers sessile, ovary fusiform, glabrous, slender, narrowed at both ends, style rather slender. Fruits ellipsoid, beaked by the base of the rather long plumose, 2-partite stigmas, sessile, pericarp thick, cells very hairy within.

A shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall, branches candelabriform, branchlets subglabrous, indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves elliptic, ovate or obovate, 7.5-20.0 × 3.0-7.8 cm, attenuate to cuneate at the base, lower surface without disc-like glands, lateral nerves 6-8 on either half, papery, petioles 1.0-4.5 cm long, stipules 4.0-6.5 × 1.5-3.0 mm. Male inflorescence cauliflorous to axillary, single, up to 15 cm long, bracts 0.3-1.6 mm long, bracteoles minute. Flowers red. Male flowers: pedicels 1.4-2.6 mm long, sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5-3.0 × 0.5-1.2 mm, stamens 5-7, 0.5-0.9 mm long, filaments 0.4-0.9 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 × 0.1-0.2 mm. Female inflorescence cauliflorous to ramiflorous, clustered together, up to 36 cm long. Female flowers: pedicels 1.5-5.0 mm long, sepals 5, elliptic to obovate, 4-9 × 1-2 mm, ovary 3-celled, 6-winged, style c 1 mm long, stigma c 1.5 mm long, cleft. Fruit a berry, fusiform, 17-21 × 7.5-11.0 mm, rugose between narrow wings.

A medium-sized tree, young shoots hairy, bark grey with vertical lenticels. Leaves Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. alternate, 12-23 × 6-10 cm, membranous, ovate, obovate, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or sinuate, almost glabrous, lateral veins 5-10 on either half, base narrowed, petioles 1.5-4.0 cm long, geniculate, thickened at both ends, stipules lanceolate, c 8 mm long. Male racemes 3-10 cm long, subsessile, solitary or grouped, brownish pubescent, bracts ovate, 2-4 mm long, pedicels 1 mm long, sepals 4, ovate, c 2.0 × 1.5 mm, stamens 4-8, free, anthers small, pistillode 3-lobed, pubescent. Female flowers yellow, in simple racemes up to 15 cm long, elongating in fruits, sepals yellow tomentose, oblong, 5-7 mm long, bracts 3-5 mm long, pedicels 2 mm long, ovary tomentose, with 2 ovules in each cell, stigma peltate, fimbriate. Fruits globose, yellow. Seeds planoconvex with white aril and red testa.

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A shrub or small tree, much-branched, branches arching outwards, branchlets slender, angular, spreading, almost horizontal, smooth, grey. Leaves distichous, 1.3-2.8 × 0.8-1.6 cm, broadly elliptic, membranous, obtuse, light green above, drying brown, paler beneath, main nerves 3-5 pairs, petioles c 1.6 mm long, glabrous. Male flowers: pedicellate, 1 to few in proximal leaf axils, pedicels 4-8 mm long, capillary, pedunculous, glabrous, calyx 4-5 × 2.7-4.0 mm, pale yellow, conical-campanulate, faintly 6-lobed, with alternate lobes smaller, thickened rim of tube crenate, staminal column produced slightly beyond anthers, equalling calyx rim. Female flowers: greenish, solitary in distal axils, pedicels 3-4 mm long, shorter than in the male, pedulous at first, becoming erect until fruit borne on upper side of branchlets, calyx campanulate with outer smaller, free portion of lobes forming bell with flaring rim, with deeply divided into 6 rounded apiculate segments, ovary inverted-conical, appressed, truncate, styles 3, united shout, 2-fid, free portion spreading, somewhat rotately bifid, about halfway, tip recurved horizontally. Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 13-17 mm in diameter, faintly 3-lobed, orange-red, fleshy but dehiscent, seated on the greatly enlarged coloured calyx. Seeds 3, c 6 mm long, persistent on columella, blue-grey with an orange-yellow aril.

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A small tree, with whitish bark and pubescent branchlets. Leaves alternate, 7-35 × 4-9 cm, elliptic, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acuminates, or rounded, entire or undulate, glabrous above, puberulous on the nerves beneath, lateral veins 10-20 on either half, somewhat arched, base acute, petioles up to 2.5 cm long, stipules subulate. Flowers sessile, monoecious, in minute axillary clusters, bracts minute, pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate. Petals rounded, crenate in males, elliptic, entire in females, disk truncate. Ovary enclosed by disk, styles 2, bifid. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, c 2.5 cm long, glabrous on persistent calyx. Seeds plano-convex.

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A small or moderate-sized deciduous tree, spinous when young, bark grey, young twigs fulvous-tomentose, later glabrescent. Leaves 7.5-15 × 3.8-6.3 cm, rigidly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, subacute or rounded at the apex, usually rounded at the base, entire or slightly crenulate, bright green, glabrous above, glaucous and usually finely tomentose beneath, main nerves prominent, straight, 15-25 pairs with finely reticulate venation between, petioles 8-12 mm long, stipules ovate-lanceolate, usually oblique at the base, deciduous. Flowers arranged in axillary fascicles, on leafless terminal and supra-axillary spikes, the fascicles either unisexual or bisexual, axes densely puberulous, pedicellate, bracts small, acute. Male flowers: pedicels c 2 mm long, slender, glabrous, sepals triangular, c 1.5 mm long, glabrous, petals flabelliform, 1 mm long, disk of male flowers thick and pulpy, staminal column 1 mm long, pistillode bifid, c 0.5 mm long. Female flowers: pedicels c 1.5 mm long, stout, pubescent, sepals triangular, lanceolate, c 2 mm long, sparingly pubescent outside the base, otherwise glabrous, petals oblanceolate, 1.5 mm long, outer disk annular, undulate, toothed, enclosing the ovary, ovary subglobose, c 1 mm across, glabrous, styles 2, bifid, c 1 mm long. Fruit a drupe, 7-9 mm across, fleshy, black, pyrenes 2, furrowed. Seed solitary, cotyledons retuse.

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A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, young shoots finely tomentose, with few rounded lenticels. Stem with smooth white bark and drooping branches. Leaves alternate, c 2.5-5.0 × 1.5-2.2 cm on vegetative shoots, elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, lateral veins membranous, with 7-12 pairs, slender, rusty-tomentose, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, petioles 2-5 mm long, stipules lanceolate, 3 mm long, caducous. Flowers unisexual in axillary clusters, minute, on very short pedicels. Calyx lobes 0.8-1.0 mm long, glabrous, white. Ovary 2-celled, glabrous, styles free or shortly united, stigmas forked. Fruit a drupe, globose, 2-seeded, 4-5 mm across, bluish-black when ripe. Seed solitary in each pyrene.

A large shrub or small straggling tree, twigs glabrous, verrucose on account of the prominent lenticels. Leaves 7.5-15.0 × 3.8-9.0 cm, elliptic-obovate, elliptic or oblong, acute at the apex, base rounded or somewhat narrowed, entire or undulate, bright green above, more or less pale and glaucous beneath, petioles c 2.5-7.5 mm long, swollen, lateral nerves 8-15 pairs, scarcely prominent above and beneath, reaching the margin, tertiary nerves weak, stipules lanceolate, c 2 mm long, acute, glabrous, caducous. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arranged only in fascicles, greenish-yellow, bracts broadly ovate, c 1.5 × 1.5 mm, scarious, puberulous along the midrib without, otherwise glabrous, shortly pedicellate or sessile. Male flowers: pedicels c 1 mm long, glabrous, sepals oblong-lanceolate, c 2.5 mm long, acute, glabrous, petals spathulate-flabelliform, c 1 mm long, disc pentagonal, c 1 mm across, small in the male, nearly enclosing the ovary in female, staminal column 1 mm long, anthers 0.5 mm long, pistillode conical, bifid, 0.5 mm long. Female flowers: sessile, sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5 mm long, sparingly pubescent outside at the base, otherwise glabrous, petals elliptic-oblong, c 1 mm long, outer disc roundly pentagonal, inner disc completely enveloping the ovary, ovary 1 mm across, glabrous, style 2-fid, 0.5 mm long. Fruits ovoid, 5-6 × 3-4 mm, black, pyrene 1, furrowed.

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m high, forming an oval crown, branching from the base, slender, glabrous, bark brownish-grey, warty. Leaves 7-15 × 2-6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, shining, veins 5-8 pairs, petioles c 0.5-1.0 cm long, slender to stout, glabrous. Inflorescence clustered, axillary. Male flowers: pedicels c 0.8-1.0 mm long, densely pubescent, sepals 4, rounded, concave, slightly longer than the pedicels, densely pubescent, stamens 8, filaments united below into short column. Female flowers: similar to male, fruiting pedicels 5-8 mm long. Fruit a capsule, c 1.2-2.0 cm across, subglobose, cocci woody, covered with light brown or tawny-yellow bristles. Seeds c 5 × 2 mm, obovoid, glossy, black, caruncle 2-lobed, fleshy, reddish.

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A shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, 10-25 × 8-20 cm, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded, obscurely serrate or toothed, glabrous, lateral veins 6-8 on either half, petioles 2.5-10.0 cm long. Flowers minute, sessile, male and female in different plants, in hoary racemes, 2-7 cm long, stamens about 50, receptacle with minute scales or glands. Fruits globose, membranous. Seeds subglobose with crustaceous testa.

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A small to medium-sized tree, often attaining 20 m high, crown ovoid, bark grey or greyish-white, glabrous. Leaves 6-25 × 2-8 cm, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, glabrous, lateral veins 4-7 pairs, petioles 0.8-2.5 cm long, slender, glabrous, pulvinate above and below. Male inflorescence axillary, branches up to 12 cm long, slender, shortly hispid-pubescent. Male flowers: shortly pedicellate, pedicels 1-2 mm long, pubescent, bracts c 1 × 1 mm, broadly triangular-ovate, buds conical-globose, c 1.5 × 1.5 mm, subglobose, calyx lobes c 2 × 1.5 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute, reflexed at anthesis, filaments slightly connate at the base. Female flowers: axillary, solitary or more rarely in pairs on peduncle, c 1.0-1.5 cm long, accrescent, up to 6 cm long in fruits, sepals 3-5, c 1 mm long, ovary 2-lobed, c 1.5 mm across, styles 2, 1.2-1.4 cm long, connate for c 1.5 mm at the base, each further divided into 2 slender lobes, c 8 mm long. Fruits usually 2-locular, c 2.5 cm across, each locules subglobose, splitting into 2, 1-seeded valves. Seeds c 1.2 mm across, spherical, dark-brown, smooth.

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A small tree, young parts rusty-tomentose, bark cinnamon-grey, fairly smooth. Leaves alternate, 10-20 × 3-7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at the apex, base acute, entire, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, pale grey beneath, lateral nerves 6-8 on either half, slender. Flowers few in small, axillary and short spicate clusters, sessile, glabrous. Male flowers: sepals 5, valvate, petals 5, short, scale-like, stamens 5, filaments connate below in a central column bearing the pistillode, anther cells parallel. Female flowers: calyx cupular under the ovary, disk dentate, ovary 3-celled, quite glabrous, styles 3, bifid. Capsule stipitate. Seeds oblong, 3-gonous.

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A shrub or small tree, up to 3 m high, bark grey, young branches scabrid or tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petiole 1.0-4.5 cm long, densely stellate-hairy, usually drying dark brown above, olive-greenish beneath, leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-13.5 × 2.0-10.5 cm, shortly acuminate, acute, sometimes apex drawn out into very fine, filamentous tip initially appearing mucronate, base cordate or broadly rounded, irregularly and shallowly dentate, coarsely stellate-pubescent, 3-veined from the base, lateral veins 2-3 pairs, all veins subprominent, clearly defined, 2 glands present at the base, stipitate, pale brown on short stalks, up to 2 mm long. Inflorescence racemose, 7-20 cm or more in length, finely stellate-pubescent. Flowers white, numerous, shortly pedicellate, bracteate, laxly distributed on mature axis, often appearing clustered on young inflorescences, bracts 1-2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, pedicels 2-6 mm long, densely pubescent. Male flowers with 5 sepals, sepals 2-3 × 1.0-1.5 mm, narrowly ovate, densely pubescent, petals equalling the sepals, white-fringed, stamens c 20 or more, filaments 2-3 mm long, slender. Female flowers few at the base of inflorescence, sepals and petals as in male flower, ovary densely stellately hairy, c 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, styles 3-6 mm long, divided to the base up to 5 filamentous branches. Fruit a capsule, c 1 cm in diameter, globose, obscurely 3-lobed, stellately scabrid. Seeds carunculate.

A small, glabrous deciduous tree. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1-2 cm long, leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 10-18 × 2-4 cm, long-acuminate, obscurely serrulate, membranous, glabrous, green above, paler beneath, 2 prominent glands present at the base of the lamina, lateral veins 10-15 pairs. Flowers in slender racemes. Male flowers with 5 sepals, sepals free, unequal, petals 5, obtuse, apex bearded, disc eglandular, stamens 12-15, filaments free, short, anthers muticous. Female flowers with 5-lobed calyx, 8-15 × 4-7 mm, oblong, glandular-serrulate along margin, persistent, petals 5, subulate, disc usually lacking, ovary 3-locular, oblong, glabrous, shortly stipitate, ovule 1 in each locule, styles 3, connate below, stout, recurved, 2-fid. Fruit a capsule, tricoccous. Seeds carunculate, smooth.

A shrub or small tree, up to 2 m tall, young branches, leaves and inflorescence with dense, horizontally stellate hairs, older branches glabrous. Leaves stipulate, stipules linear, caducous, petiolate, petioles 1.0-1.5 cm long, papery, leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, rarely ovate-oblong, 3.0-7.5 × 1.5-3.5 cm, base rounded to subcordate or caudate, apex caudate-acuminate or acute, margin with sparse, coarse or small, double-serration, usually drying green or brown, with conspicuous often long-stipitate basal gland, lateral veins 2-3 pairs. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, 8-14 cm long, bracts subulate, c 1.5 mm long, deciduous. Male flowers: sepals oblong, stellate-hairy, petals oblong-elliptic, woolly on margin, stamens 10-12. Female flowers: with oblong to elliptic sepals, stellate-tomentose, c 2 mm long, longer in fruits, ovary 3-celled, densely stellate-hirsute, ovule 1 in each cell, styles 3, bifid, lobes linear. Fruit a capsule, ovoid to subglobose, c 1 cm in diameter, intruded at the apex, stellate-tomentose. Seeds smooth, carunculate.

A deciduous tree or shrub, bark greyish, blaze reddish-white. Leaves petiolate, petioles up to 5 cm long, apex with cupular 2-glands, leaf blade elliptic, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, 6-30 × 2-9 cm, acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, entire or serrulate, coriaceous, glabrous, green above, paler beneath, lepidote on the midrib beneath, lateral veins 10-16 pairs. Flowers small, whitish, on stellately puberulous pedicels, forming elongate, densely stellately-puberulous racemes in the axils of the upper leaves and often appearing crowded before the appearence of the leaves, bracts minute, linear. Male flowers pedicellate, sepals 5, ovate-triangular, 2 mm long, stellate-lepidote, petals 5, ovate-triangular, c 2.5 mm long, puberulous, stamens 11-12, filaments villous. Female flowers with shorter pedicel than male flower, sepals 5, triangular, 2.5 mm long, petals reduced, disc annular, ovary stellately tomentose, styles 3, shortly connate at the base into a column, bifid at the apex, slender. Fruit a capsule, ovoid-ellipsoid or oblong, 2.5-4.0 cm long, tawny or greyish, stellate-puberulous, woody, obscurely 3-lobed, tricoccus. Seeds oblong, smooth.

A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, bark grey, deeply fissured, young branches densely stellate-lepidote. Leaves alternate to subopposite or whorled towards ends of the branches, petiolate, petioles 0.5-2.0 cm long, densely stellate-lepidote to verrucose, leaf blade lanceolate-elliptic, 6.5-20.0 × 2.5-5.5 cm, narrowing towards the apex, obtuse or subacute, base acute, shallowly crenate or repand-dentate, pinnately veined, 2 indistinct pale brown glands present immediately above point of insertion of petiole on under surface. Inflorescence terminal or at the end of branches, much-branched, with few female flowers at or towards the base of branches, up to 20 cm long. Male flowers laxly arranged along inflorescence branch, either solitary or in small cluster of up to 5 flowers, bracteate, shortly pedicellate, bracts 1.0 × 0.5 mm, ovate, pale brown, darker at the base, early caducous, pedicels 1-2 mm long, stout, densely stellate-lepidote, sepals c 1.5 × 0.6 mm, ovate, stellate-pubescent, petals slightly shorter than the sepals, broadly ovate, stamens c 10, filaments 1.5 mm long, glabrous above, white pubescent below middle. Female flowers pedicellate, pedicels 2-3 mm long, sepals and petals as in male, ovary c 1.5 mm in diameter, subglobose, densely stellate-pubescent, styles reflexed, shortly divided at the apex. Fruit a capsule, c 8 × 6 mm, drying blackish-brown, evenly stellate-lepidote. Seeds ellipsoid, c 6.0 × 4.5 mm, pale chestnut-brown, shortly shiny.

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A shrub or small tree, up to 6 m high, youngest branchlets very sparsely stellate-hairy, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves alternate, subopposite towards the shoot apex, petiolate, petioles 1-3 cm long, slender, subglabrous, leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 × 2-8 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base rounded, obtuse, shallowly (or remotely and obscurely) dentate to subentire, glabrous or with occasional stellate hairs, 3-5 veined from base with 1-2 pairs of lateral veins above, 2 sessile discoid glands present on or near margin at the base of the lamina. Inflorescence 5-7 cm long, terminal or axillary, glabrous. Male flowers: bracts c 0.5 × 0.2 mm, pedicels 2-3 mm long, glabrous, sepals c 2.0 × 1.2 mm, ovate, glabrous, petals narrower than the sepals, margin white pubescent, stamens 15-20. Female flowers with pedicels 2.5-4.0 mm long, stellate-hairy, somewhat stouter than the male, sepals c 2 × 1 mm, triangular-acute, stellate-hairy, petals absent, ovary c 2 mm in diameter, subglobose, densely stellate-hairy, styles c 4 mm long. Fruit a capsule, c 1.8-2.5 cm long, oblong-obovoid, dull yellow. Seeds c 9 × 6 mm, ellipsoid-trigonous, greyish-brown.

A medium-sized tree, glabrous, bark greyish, warty, but fairly plain, inside white, mottled with brown, wood cream-coloured. Leaves 5-18 × 2.5-7.5 cm, elliptic-oblong or narrowly oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, base unequal, acute, serrulate, rarely entire, coriaceous, glossy green, glabrous, lateral nerves 8-12 on either half, petioles pubescent, stipules subulate, deciduous. Male flowers in axillary fascicles, c 10 mm across, pedicels c 5 mm long, sepals usually 4, imbricate, stamens c 12, filaments free. Female flowers solitary, shortly pedicellate in small axillary clusters, ovary usually 2-celled, rusty-tomentose, stigma minute, sessile. Fruit a drupe, globose, shallowly furrowed, c 2.0 × 1.5 cm, densely brown, deep red when ripe, more distinctly 4-lobed.

A shrub or small tree, bark fairly smooth but with numerous white lenticels, thick, light greenish-brown, inside somewhat granular, wood white, hard. Leaves c 6 × 2.5 cm, broadly elliptic or ovate-oblong, abruptly and obtusely long-acuminate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves 5-7 on either half, base unequal, rounded or obtuse, petioles 0.2-0.3 cm long, exstipulate. Male flowers: sepals glabrous. Female flowers: long pedicelled, solitary or in few axillary tomentose clusters, sepals 4, unequal, velvety tomentose, ovary 2-celled, style triangular, stigma dilated. Fruit a drupe, shallowly furrowed.

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An evergreen tree, up to 10 m tall, branches slender, bark greyish, fairly smooth, covered with large blackish warts, inside light brown, fibrous, with veins of dark brown, turning dirty brown. Leaves 10-15 cm long, chartaceous, oblong-elliptic, acute or acuminate, undulate or serrulate, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves 10-12 pairs, very slender, minutely serrulate near the apex, laxly reticulate, margin waved or sub-crenate, petioles c 1.8 cm long. Male flowers in clusters, 4 mm across, on very short pedicels, subsessile, axillary and at the scars of fallen leaves, calyx lobes concave, orbicular. Female flowers 1-2 per axil, pedicels 1-2 mm long, stigmas 2 or 3, triangular. Fruit obscurely 4-lobed, shortly beaked, orange.

A large tree, bark greyish, fairly sessile, blaze pale yellow with brown granules. Leaves alternate, 5-19 cm long, broadly ovate or sub-orbicular, often sub-peltate, obtuse, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, puberulous on the nerves beneath, lateral nerves 3-5 on either half, prominent beneath, base rounded or truncate with 2 large glands beneath. Flowers small, dioecious in long axillary or lateral, simple spikes or racemes. Perianth simple. Male racemes branched, up to 21 × 8 cm, subsessile, clustered, calyx 3 mm across, globose, lobes 4, unequal, valvate, disc shortly lobed, stamens 6-10 on a convex conical receptacle, filaments short, anthers didymous. Female flowers solitary, pedicellate, calyx 5-toothed, disc obscure, ovary 2-3 celled. Fruits ellipsoid, c 12 × 8 mm, didymous, tomentose, tubular. Seeds globose.

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