Forest Emission Factor Database

A large tree, up to 25 m tall with spreading oval crown and fluted stem, bark pale grey or brown, exfoliating in long curled up, somewhat brittle strips, exposing a cinnamon-brown surface, chocolate or reddish-brown inside. branches glabrous. Leaves opposite, 6-16 × 5-6 cm, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, lateral veins except the lower arcuate and meeting in loops, petioles c 1 cm long, young leaves deep blue in nature. Inflorescence puberulous, panicled racemes, 8-23 cm long, branched from near the base or fascicled at the end of branches or on nodes. Flowers greenish-white, c 3 cm across, pedicels c 2 mm long, bracts c 1 mm long, linear, setose. Calyx tube short, c 1 mm long, tooth c 1 mm long, acute, spreading in the fruits. Petal absent. Stamens c 2 mm long. Ovary globose, style c 2 mm long. Capsule 2-3 mm across. Seeds numerous, brown, c 0.5 mm long, ellipsoid, testa produced in each end into pointed spines.

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Tree to 60–100(–110) m tall and 300–460(–900) cm dbh. Trunk much enlarged and buttressed at the base and often with rounded swellings or burls, slightly tapering. Crown crown conic and monopodial when young, narrowed conic in age, irregular and open. Bark red-brown, to ca. 35 cm thick, tough and fibrous, deeply furrowed into broad, scaly ridges; inner bark cinnamon-brown. Branches downward sweeping to slightly ascending. Twigs slender, dark green, forking in a plane, ending in a scaly bud. Leaves 1–30 mm, generally with stomates on both surfaces, the free portion to 30 mm, those on leaders, ascending branchlets, and fertile shoots divergent to strongly appressed, short-lanceolate to deltate, those on horizontally spreading to drooping branchlets mostly linear to linear-lanceolate, divergent and in 2 ranks, with 2 prominent, white abaxial stomatal bands. Pollen cones nearly globose to ovoid, 2–5 mm, borne singly on short terminal or axillary stalks. Female cones 12–35 mm long, elliptical, reddish-brown, with many flat, short-pointed scales; pendant at end of leafy twig; maturing in one season; with 2–5 seeds per scale, light brown, 2-winged. Seeds flattened, 3–6 mm, leathery.

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An evergreen small tree growing up to 10 m, or a bush with erect branches and shoots, bark thin, reddish-brown. Leaves opposite, persistent, scale-like, 1.5 mm without glands. Male flowers ovoid, terminal. Female flowers in ovoid or oblong cases, bracts decussately opposite, in many series, lowest 1 or rarely 2 pairs and innermost 1 or rarely 2 pairs empty, intermediate 1-8 pairs fertile, each adnate to the ovuliferous scale, ovules 2-3, rarely 5 at the base of the scale, erect. Fruit a cone, ovoid or oblong, scales coriaceous, long persisting. Seeds 1-2, wingless.

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Trunk massive and majestic looking, erect, up to 4.5 m tall, stipe and rachis yellowish-brown to dark brown, sparsely covered with tubercles, glabrous, fronds up to 3 m long, bipinnate, pinnae up to 75 × 30 cm, stalked, delto-oblanceolate in outline, secondary rachis slightly muricate or glabrous, tertiary pinnae up to 16.0 × 3.5 cm, oblong acuminate, deeply cut down quite near to the costa into lobes, lobes up to 2 × 4 cm, linear-subulate, slightly falcate, obtuse, serrate or crenate, texture thin, sub-coriaceous, costae and costules minutely hairy on both surfaces, veins 8-16 pairs, forked once or rarely twice, basal veins always from costules, fertile fronds indistinct, sori large, globose, arranged in two rows, on either side of the costule, very close to the costule, spore trilete, triangular, 37.5 × 40.0 µm, yellow-brown, granulose.

A lofty tree fern. Trunk often very tall and much thickened by adventitious roots at the base, only when old showing leaf scars in the upper parts. Stipe up to 100 cm tall, glaucous, purplish towards the base, usually strongly spiny, at first scaly throughout, persistently so near the base, scales of all sizes up to 45 × 3 mm, pale brown, very thin, edges bearing close dark short setae. Main rachis pale, spiny at first scaly as stipe, later more or less glabrescent. The lowest pinnae somewhat reduced and with stalks 10 cm long, largest 60 cm. Pinnules c 150 × 30 mm, often smaller, lowest distinctly stalked, largest with 1-2 pairs of basal segments more or less free, rest of the pinnule lobed almost to the costa, costules commonly 4.0-4.5 mm apart, rarely to 5 mm segments of lamina firm, glaucous beneath, edges more or less crenate-serrate, veins commonly 12 pairs. Sori near the costules, lacking indusia, paraphyses pale, not longer than the sporangia. Scales and hairs, pinna rachis more or less spiny, pale glabrescent, lower surface of the costae at first bearing scattered pale setiferous scales to 3 × 1 mm, shorter distantly, these in most cases early caducous leaving the costae glabrous, costular scales small, more or less ovate pale, fringed, mostly caducous, not bullate, a few hairs normally present towards the apex of the pinnules on both the costa and costules.

An attractive plant, looks like a miniature date palm, having erect caudex, massive trunk, dark brown in colour, some become very tall, about 350 cm in height, a crown of fronds at the top of the plant, each bipinnate, large, about 2 m long, rachis very deep purple in colour and scaly at the base, the scales dark brown, linear with toothed margin. Pinnules are elongated and gradually tapering at the apices, margin pinnatisect. Sori globose, lacking indusium, arranged in V-shaped patterns, in two rows, one on either side of the pinnule. A good number of sporangia in each sorus. A mature sporangium, borne on a stalk, relatively small in size, almost rounded, circumscribed by annulus made up of 11-16 cells. There are hair-like paraphyses among the sporangia, yellowish in colour. The spores are triangular, tetrahedral and pale yellow.

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An evergreen, palm-like tree, up to 3 m tall, often forked, glabrous throughout. Leaves up to 2 m long, recurved, petioles about 46 cm long with a few small distant spines, leaflets up to 25 cm long and c 1 cm broad, linear, ending in minute spines. Megasporophylls densely tawny, silky, blade almost orbicular, up to 7 cm wide, margins deeply pectinate with spinous subulate teeth, acumen c 2.5 cm long, stalk about equal in length to blade, with 2-3 pairs of ovules above the middle. Seeds about 4.0-4.5 cm long, ovoid to globose, glabrous, orange-red or yellow. Male cone 45-46 × 16-17 cm, cylindric-ovoid, antheriferous scales 3.5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, deltoid-clavate, apex much thickened, abruptly acuminate, acumen 3.5-4.0 cm long.

Trunk to 3(-8) m × 45(-95) cm, base and sometimes distal part with numerous adventitious lateral branches or bulbils, apex tomentose; bark gray-black, scaly. Leaves 40-100 or more, 1-pinnate, 0.7-1.4(-1.8) m × 20-25(-28) cm; petiole subtetragonal in cross section, 10-20 cm, with 6-18 spines along each side; leaf blade oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate, strongly "V"-shaped in cross section, recurved, brown tomentose when young; leaflets in 60-150 pairs, horizontally inserted at ca. 45° above rachis, not glaucous when mature, straight to subfalcate, 10-20 cm × 4-7 mm, leathery, sparsely pubescent abaxially, base decurrent, margin strongly recurved, apex acuminate, pungent. Cataphylls triangular, 4-5 × 1.5-2.3 cm, densely brown tomentose, apex acuminate. Pollen cones pale yellow, ovoid-cylindric, 30-60 × 8-15 cm; microsporophylls narrowly cuneate, 3.5-6 × 1.7-2.5 cm, apex rounded-truncate, cuspidate. Megasporophylls yellow to pale brown, 14-22 cm, densely tomentose; stalk 7-12 cm; sterile blade ovate to narrowly so, 6-11 × 4-7 cm, deeply laciniate, with 21-35 lobes 1-3 cm; ovules 2 or 3 on each side of stalk, densely pale brown tomentose. Seeds 2(-5), orange to red, obovoid or ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, (3-)4-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm, sparsely hairy; sclerotesta not grooved on sides.

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A shrub or low tree, branches woody, young branches greyish-white pubescent-tomentose. Leaves simple, 10 × 4 cm, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, herbaceous or sub-coriaceous, margin entire or undulate, tip acuminate, base acute to attenuate, nerves 5-7 paired, white-grey tomentose on the veins, petioles up to 6 mm long, ligule oblique, stipules 2, deciduous, pubescent. Inflorescence axillary cymes, sometimes branched, peduncled, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, regular, pedicels up to 5 mm long, tomentose, bracteate, often with 2 bracteoles. Sepals 5, imbricate, 2.5-3.0 × 0.7-1.0 mm, densely pilose, coriaceous, greenish, lanceolate, subequal, obtuse. Petals 5, 3-4 × 0.5-0.7 mm, oblong to obovate, spathulate, glabrous, bilobed at the apex, trinerved. Stamens 5, 0.3-4.5 mm long, alternate, free, anthers with broad connective, oblong, splitting lengthwise. Disk of 5 antipetalous scales, brownish, 5 mm long, glabrous. Ovary bilocular, densely fulvous-velvet, styles 2, stigmas minute, capitate. Fruit a drupe, 1-2 × 0.8-1.2 cm, oblong to obcordate, bilobed to single, greyish, tubercled. Seeds oblong.

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A medium-sized to large evergreen tree, up to 40 m tall, trunk 1.0-1.2 m in diameter, bark smooth, orange-brown to dark orange, peeling off in small scales. Leaves simple, alternate, oblong, 15-30 × 6-12 cm, slightly to distinctly dentate, coriaceous, pubescent above and on the nerves beneath, petioles up to 10 cm long. Flowers solitary, 15-20 cm in diameter, pendent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white with green veins. Stamens many in 2 distinct groups, the inner stamens larger, anthers opening by pores. Fruits indehiscent, enclosed by enlarged fleshy sepals. Seeds without aril.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, 20-25 m tall, bark smooth and greyish. Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, 20-50 × 10-30 cm, margin entire to dentate, obtuse or cuneate at the base, obtuse at the apex, petioles 6-8 cm long with 1-3 mm broad wings. Flowers 2-7, 2.5-3.0 cm across, umbellate on short (up to 3 mm) leafless shoots, yellow, fragrant, pedicels 2.5-6.0 cm long, bracts hairy. Sepals 5, brown. Petals 5, obovate, bright yellow. Stamens in 2 series, outer series with 60-90 stamens and inner series with up to 10 stamens, anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 5-6, arranged in narrow conical receptacle. Fruits drooping, subglobose, indehiscent, fleshy, 1-2 seeded. Seeds ovoid, 5.0 × 3.5 mm, black, glabrous, exarillate.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 30 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, 15-30 × 6-14 cm, ovate to narrowly obovate, obtuse to acute, more or less dentate, scabrid above, strigose on nerves beneath, lateral nerves 35-45 pairs, petioles 2.5-6.0 cm long. Flowers 3-5, borne together (fascicled), 3.8-5.0 cm in diameter, pedicels 5 cm long, with scattered bracts near the middle. Sepals ovate, glabrous. Petals c 2.5 × 1.0 cm, bright yellow. Stamens many, outer stamens 4-5 mm long, inner ones 9-10 mm long with reflexed apices. Carpels 5-7, glabrous, each with 8-10 ovules, styles recurved to spreading, c 8 mm long. Fruits orange, c 24 mm across with enclosed sepals. Seeds obovoid, c 5.0 × 3.5 mm, glossy black, glabrous.

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A very tall resinous tree, with a straight bole attaining a height of 30-45 m and a girth of 3.0-4.5 m, bark grey with greenish to brownish patches, peeling off in irregular flakes, rather thick. Young twigs thinly pubescent, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves simple, c 10.0-18.5 × 3.5-8.0 cm, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse to shortly acuminate, base rounded, glabrous on both sides, lateral veins 14-20 pairs, but often sparsely furnished with microscopic scales, petioles 2-3 cm long, conspicuously thickened in the upper half, stipules linear-oblong to lanceolate, up to 2 cm long, caducous. Racemes terminal, puberulous. Flowers subglobose in bud, very shortly pedicellate. Calyx cup-shaped, grey pubescent, sepals c 2-3 mm long, unequal, densely tomentose. Petals c 5 mm long, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, yellowish-white, glabrous, becoming dark brown when dry. Stamens 15-20, the connective of anthers shortly awned. Ovary conical, narrowed into a minutely 3-lobed style. Calyx tube c 9-12 × 10-11 mm, slightly verrucose and fruiting calyx tube much constricted at the mouth, 2 larger calyx lobes c 11-16 × 1.8-2.3 cm (at the broadest point), oblanceolate, glabrous to puberulous with 3 strong longitudinal nerves.

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A lofty evergreen tree with tall cylindric, ashy-grey bole, up to 40 m high and 3-4 m in girth, crown comparatively small, bark grey, smooth, exfoliating in saucer-like depressions. Young parts and stipules clothed with light brown tomentum of short tangle hairs. Leaves on flowering shoots c 9-21 × 4.5-11.0 cm, elliptic to elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, entire to repand, often ciliated at margin, acute to shortly acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, fully developed leaves glabrous above excepting the often villous midrib, stellately pubescent beneath, especially on the midrib and nerves, lateral nerves 13-19 pairs, petiole 2-4 cm long, flattened near the base of the lamina, tomentose, stipules c 2-5 cm long, stellately tomentose to pilose. Inflorescence of 3 to 7-flowered, axillary racemes in the axiles of young leaves. Flowers large, subsessile, bracteoles 2, caducous. Calyx with tube c 7 mm long, obconic with 5 wings starting from between the lobes and running down to the base, 3-lobed, 1-lobe c 4 mm long, obtuse, more or less reflexed, 2 lobes c 10 mm long, linear-oblong, both the tube and lobes stellately pubescent and pilose. Petals c 1.5-2.5 cm long, stellately pubescent, more densely on the outside. Stamens 30 or more, filaments flattened, the connective of anthers produced into a bristle, c 4 mm long. Fruit a nut, pubescent, c 2.5 cm long, somewhat bluish-green with 5 prominent flattened ridges due to enclosed calyx tube. Fruiting calyx with tube c 2-3 × 2.5-3.5 cm, thinly stellately hairy to glabrous, 5-winged up to the base, wings c 0.5-1.0 cm long, 2 wing-like longer sepal lobes c 10-15 × 2-3 cm with 3 longitudinal veins, sparsely stellately hairy to glabrous, often glaucous.

A lofty, evergreen tall tree up to 30 m high and 2-3 m in girth with heavy crown of many branches, young parts densely covered with yellowish-brown long tawny hairs mixed with stellate hairs. Leaves c 7-15 × 4-9 cm, broadly elliptic-ovate, acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, coriaceous, margin wavy, lateral veins 9-15 pairs, straight and parallel, stipules c 1 cm or more long, yellowish-pubescent, petioles pubescent, flattened and channelled above near the base of lamina. Inflorescence of axillary short racemes, densely covered with yellowish long, soft hairs. Calyx tube c 5-8 mm long, campanulate, with 5 ribs starting from between the lobes and running down to the base, 3 shorter lobes c 3 mm long, the longer ones c 8-10 mm long, both tube and lobes densely stellate and pilose. Petals c 2 cm long, oblong, tomentose. Stamens c 30 connective of anthers produced into a bristle c 3 mm long. Fruit a nut, adpressed hairy, fruiting calyx tube c 1.3 cm in diameter, longitudinally 5-ribbed, stellately tomentose or pilose, the 2 reddish wings c 10 cm long, obovate, blunt, 1-veined with 2-4 shorter parallel ramified veined and net-veins.

A tall, evergreen trees up to 40 m high with long cylindrical bole, up to 5 m in girth, and comparatively small spherical crown. Young shoots, stipules and petioles densely covered with tawny fascicled and pilose hairs, young twigs compressed with oblique scale of fallen stipules and often with white lenticels, bark rough, thin, bluish-grey with brown dot-like pimples or warts. Leaves c 10-36 × 6-9 cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, base rounded, margin slightly repand and densely brown ciliated, sparsely pilose above when young and becoming glabrous on maturity but stellate pubescent beneath, lateral veins 20-25 pairs, petioles 2-4 cm long, stipules c 7-10 cm long. Racemes of axillary, simple, short, rarely branched, 3-6 flowered, lower flowers shortly pedicellate and the upper flowers subsessile. Flowers showy, pink. Calyx tube c 1.5 cm long, ob-conic, sprinkled with minute grey stellate hairs, 5-lobed, out of which 3 short and c 2 mm in length with rounded margin and occasionally reflexed, the other 2 longer, c 9-10 × 2.0-2.3 cm, linear-oblong, densely grey tomentose. Petals 5, c 2.5-4.5 cm long, linear-oblong, stellate-tomentose outside and ciliated at the margin, nearly glabrous inside. Stamens c 28, filaments flattened, connective produced into a bristle, c 3 mm long. Ovary densely tomentose, style c 1 cm long, tomentose in lower part and glabrous at upper parts. Fruit a nut, c 1.5-1.7 cm in diameter, subglobose, minutely dotted with the bases of fallen stellate hairs, enlarged calyx lobes or wings c 11.0-12.5 × 2.0-2.2 cm, strongly 3-nerved and reticulately veined, leathery, both lobes and wings dotted with stellate hairs.

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A medium to large, deciduous to semi-deciduous tree with straight bole and stout branches, up to 35 m tall and 2.5-3.5 m in girth, bark dark grey, thick, rough, and longitudinally fissured. Young shoots covered with dense stellate tomentum, sometimes glabrous. Leaves simple, c 20-30 × 15-20 cm, cordate-ovate, usually repand, glabrous on both surfaces or stellate hairy beneath, lateral nerves 9-16 pairs, petioles 5.0-7.5 cm long, glabrous or shaggy. Inflorescence of axillary, simple or branched racemes, the lowest flowers often distinctly pedicelled, peduncle stellate pubescent, bracteoles 1.0-1.8 cm long, linear-lanceolate, caducous. Calyx tube campanulate, constricted at the base into a distinct pedicel-like stalk, glabrous or stellate hairy, 3 lobes short and 2 linear-oblong, rather longer than the tube. Petals c 3.5 cm long, pubescent outside. Stamens numerous, filaments flattened, connective produced into a bristle. Ovary densely pubescent, style densely adpressed below, somewhat glabrous towards the top. Fruit a nut, c 2.0-3.2 cm long, ovoid or almost globular, glabrous or thinly stellate pubescent and pilose, furnished with tubercles at the upper end, 2 fruiting calyx lobe c 11-20 × 2.5-4.0 cm, 3-nerved, glabrous, 3 smaller ones almost orbicular, recurved.

A very large, semi-deciduous, lofty magnificent tree, attaining a height of about 50 m having a straight, clean cylindrical bole of c 4-5 m girth and with heavy elevated crown, bark thick, grey-brown, vertically fissured, rarely smooth, exfoliating in irregular rounded flakes. Young shoots and stipules with yellowish pubescent or sometimes with minute stellate hairs, bud scale pinkish or yellowish-green, c 5 cm long, tomentose, caducous, leaving distinct scar on the twigs. Leaves simple, c 12-36 × 5.5-20.0 cm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, more or less undulated or entire at margin, very glossy above, base round or sub-cordate, glabrous, thick, coriaceous, lateral veins 12-24 pairs, parallel, straight, acute to acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles c 2.5-4.0 cm long, stipules c 2.5-9.0 cm sometimes up to 15 cm long, densely greyish to buff, stellate-tomentose to pilose. Flowers white or pinkish, very fragrant, in a few-flowered racemes from the axils of the fallen leaves. Calyx tube c 1.5 cm long, obconic, glabrous or pruinose, lobes 3, short, c 2 mm long, ovate to rounded, the other two c 1 cm long, linear-oblong, glabrous. Petals c 2.0-4.5 cm long, tomentose, more densely on outsides. Stamens c 30, anthers much longer than the filaments, connective produced into a bristle, c 2 mm long. Fruiting calyx with tube c 2.0-3.5 × 1.5-2.2 cm, turbinate, the 2 longer lobes c 9-14 × 2.3-3.0 cm, both tube and lobes glabrous. Fruit a nut, c 5 × 2.4 cm, oblong with 1 prominent vein and 2 basal smaller veins.

An evergreen medium-sized tree, attaining a height up to 35 m and a girth of 3 m with a dense irregular or conical crown, bark yellowish-brown, irregularly scaly often with exudation of resin. Young parts densely puberulent. Leaves c 5-13 × 3.5-7.0 cm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire to undulate, acute to obtusely acuminate, base rounded, often sub-oblique, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, often with a pore or gland in the axils beneath, lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, petioles 1-2 cm long, stipules minute, caducous. Inflorescence axillary to terminal unilateral panicle, greyish-white pubescent. Flowers creamy to brownish-white, shortly stalked. Sepals 5, ovate-obtuse, 2 outer sepals c 4 mm long, longer than the 3 inner, grey-tomentose. Petals 5, c 4 mm long, ovate-oblong, yellowish, ciliated at margin. Stamens 10 or 15, anthers subglobose, connective appendage slender, as long as the anther. Ovary gradually narrowed into a conical stylopodium and long, cylindrical style, both ovary and stylopodium puberulous. Fruit a nut, c 3-6 × 5-8 mm, ovoid-apiculate, glabrous, the 2 enlarged sepals or wings oblong, c 3.5-6.5 × 0.8-1.5 cm, tapering at both ends, 7-10 nerved, glabrous, greenish-grey when mature.

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A large, gregarious, semi-deciduous tree, attaining a height up to 35 m and a girth of 3.5 m with spreading crown. Young shoots and inflorescence greyish, stellate-tomentose, bark of old trees dark grey to dark brown, thick, rough, longitudinally fissured. Young leaves pinkish or reddish and mature leaves dark green to pale yellow, c 12-30 × 8-15 cm, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded or slightly cordate, sub-coriaceous, glabrous and shining except the puberulous nerves beneath, lateral nerves 12-19 pairs, petioles 2-3 cm long, stipules c 0.8-1.0 cm long, slightly falcate, tomentose, caducous. Inflorescence axillary to sub-terminal panicles. Flowers yellowish on short pedicels, c 1.5-2.0 cm long in unilateral velvety-pubescent panicles. Calyx lobes 2-3 mm long, ovate, triangular, grey tomentose outside. Petals 8-10 mm long, narrow ly oblong to lanceolate, pale yellow to cream-coloured, finely longitudinally veined, softly grey tomentose outside. Stamens up to 50, connective subulate-cuspidate. Ovary pubescent, style short, stigmas 3, denticulate. Fruit a samara with 5 wings, c 1-2 × 1 cm, ovoid, indehiscent, enclosed by the accrescent calyx lobes, the 3 enlarged lobes or wings c 4.5-6.0 × 0.8-1.5 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, pubescent with 10-12 fine nerves running the whole length.

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A small to medium-sized evergreen to semi-deciduous tree with young parts pulverulent, bark greenish-grey or ashy-white, thin, more or less smooth. Leaves c 10-26 × 3-9 cm, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, base acute, chartaceous, glabrous, green above, pale beneath with velvety puberulous or glaucous ventral surface, lateral veins 10-15 pairs, slender and arched. petioles c 1-2 cm long, slightly swollen below the insertion of the blade, stipules c 3 mm long, ovate or lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in axillary pubescent panicles, yellowish-white, very fragrant. Calyx lobe c 3 mm long, velvety pubescent outside, tube very short or obsolete, lobes deltoid, acute. Petals c 1.5-2.0 cm long, oblanceolate to oblong, much imbricate, white, pubescent outside. Stamens with unequal anthers and cylinderic appendage as long as the anther. Ovary turbinate, puberulous. Fruit an ovoid or globose nut, c 1.5-3.0 × 1.5-2.5 cm, with an acuminate apex, velvety, later on glabrous and rough, nearly equally enlarged calyx lobes c 1.0-1.5 cm long with longitudinal nerves.

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A medium-sized evergreen trees with straight trunk and short horizontal branches, crown conical, bark fairly smooth, greyish-brown. Leaves alternate, oblong, 7-25 × 5-10 cm, coriaceous, base usually rounded or slightly cordate, apex pointed, upper surface dark-green, shiny, glabrous, lower surface silvery hairy, petioles up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. Calyx deeply 4-lobed, tubular, c 1 cm long. Corolla 4-lobed, tubular, cream-white. Male flowers: in 3-7 flowered axillary cymes, pedicels short, stamens 22-24, quite glabrous, united in pairs at the base. Female flowers: solitary, axillary, subsessile, slightly larger than the male ones, staminodes 4-10, ovary with 4-5 styles. Fruit a globose berry, covered with brown velvety bloom, reddish or purplish when ripe. Seeds 4-8, rather large, strongly scented rather dry pulp.

A small to medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall, twigs unarmed. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 4-11 × 2-4 cm, base acute to attenuate, apex rounded, retuse or bluntly pointed, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles 3-4 mm long, first pubescent then glabrescent. Flowers unisexual, 3-merous. Calyx campanulate, divided to the base, tomentose on both surfaces. Corolla urceolate, divided to one-sixth, 4-7 mm long. Male flowers in 1-4 flowered cymes, sessile or subsessile, stamens 3-12, glabrous. Female flowers solitary or in cymes, pedicels 1-2 mm long, pubescent, ovary ovoid, glabrous, 6-locular, style single, glabrous, staminodes 3-6. Fruit a berry, ellipsoid to globose, glabrous, 1.0-1.5 cm long, 1-seeded. Endosperm smooth.

Trees, to 27 m tall, deciduous. Young branchlets densely pubescent to glabrous, sometimes with reddish brown lenticels. Winter buds small, blackish. Petiole 0.8-2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, occasionally obovate, 5-18 × 2.6-9 cm, papery, pubescent when young drying brown, adaxially often glabrescent when mature and paler with dark veinlets, base cuneate, subtruncate, or rarely cordate, apex usually acuminate, lateral veins 5-7 per side, reticulate veinlets clearly defined, flat, and dark. Male flowers small, in 3-5-flowered cymes; calyx ± as long as corolla, hairy on both sides, lobes 4; corolla white, yellowish white, or red, 6-10 mm; stamens (14-)16-24. Female flowers solitary; calyx 3 cm or more in diam., lobes 4; corolla usually yellowish white, campanulate, (0.9-)1-1.6 cm, lobes recurved and ovate; staminodes 8(-16); ovary glabrous or pubescent. Fruiting calyx 3-4 cm in diam. Berries yellow to orange, flattened globose to ovoid but usually globose, 2-8.5 cm in diam., 8-locular, glabrescent. Seeds dark brown, 13-16 × 7.5-9 × 4-5 mm.

A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall, young shoots pubescent, bark blackish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-20 × 2-7 cm, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, base acute or obtuse, apex acuminate or cuspidate with blunt tip, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles 5-6 mm long, glabrous. Flowers unisexual, tetra- or pentamerous. Calyx campanulate, divided to middle, tomentose on both surfaces. Corolla salver-shaped, divided to middle, glabrous inside, sericeous outside, 7-12 mm long. Male flowers in 3-8 flowered cymes, sessile, stamens 12-18, anthers glabrous, filaments strigose. Female flowers solitary, subsessile, 4-5 merous, ovary ovoid, tomentose, 8-locular, style single, glabrous, staminodes 8-10, glabrous. Fruit a berry, 1.5-2.5 cm across, subglobose, rusty villous, endosperm smooth.

A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 15 m tall, knotty and warty trunk and bushy crown, bark blackish-brown with many white blotches, blaze deep red, fibrous. Leaves simple, alternate, 10-20 × 3-6 cm, narrowly oblong, base obtuse, rounded, truncate or slightly cuneate, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles up to 1.0-1.5 cm long, glabrous. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous, whitish in short axillary cymes, scented. Calyx 4-lobed, divided to middle, broadly campanulate, persistent. Corolla 4-lobed, divided to a quarter, urceolate or ovoid, 7-15 mm long. Male flowers in 2-7 flowered cymes, shortly pedunculate, rusty pubescent, stamens 24-64, sericeous. Female flowers solitary or rarely up to 5-flowered, subsessile, larger than the male ones, peduncles stout, pubescent, ovary ovoid, 8-12 locular, style 4, stigmas 8, with 4-12 staminodes. Fruit a globose berry, c 5 cm across, yellowish when ripe. Seeds 5-8, compressed, embedded in a glutinous pulp.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, bark greyish-black, branchlets and inflorescence covered with soft, greyish-brown hairs. Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate, thickly leathery, tomentose on both surfaces when young, glabrous or hairy on lower surfaces when mature. Flowers unisexual, 4-6 merous. Calyx 3-6 lobes, yellowish-green, campanulate. Corolla lobes yellowish-white, rounded or acuminate. Male flowers: 3-12 together, stamens 8-20 on central disc, anthers somewhat apiculate, as long as the glabrous filaments. Female flowers: solitary, subsessile, ovary globose, densely hairy, styles 2, bifid, stigmas 4, hairy, staminodes 8-12. Fruit a berry, globose or ovoid, yellow when ripe. Seeds 4-8, oblong, compressed, testa shiny, rugose.

A small tree, up to 15 m tall, twigs and trunk with occasional spines, bark dark brown. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate-oblong, 5-10 × 2.5-4.0 cm, base cordate or rounded, apex acute or obtuse, petioles 2-10 mm long, pilose. Flowers small, white, 4-merous. Calyx deeply 4-fid, broadly campanulate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on both sides. Corolla lobes 4, 8-10 mm long, glabrous on both sides. Male flowers in 2-8 flowered cymes, 4-merous, stamens 14-20, filaments glabrous, up to 1 mm long. Female flowers solitary, 4-merous, pedicels c 5 mm long, glabrous, ovary globose, 8-locular, styles 4, staminodes 4-12, glabrous. Fruit a globose berry, 1-4 cm across, yellow when ripe. Seeds flat, black.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, with tall trunk and spreading crown, branchlets tomentose, bark blackish-brown, blaze greyish-white. Leaves alternate, oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 10-20 × 4-8 cm, thinly coriaceous, almost glabrous, flattened above, lateral veins 7-10 pairs, very slender, petioles 0.7-1.2 cm long. Flowers unisexual. Calyx deeply 4-fid, segments ovate, sub-acute, pilose outside, margin ciliate, especially towards the apex. Corolla deeply 4-lobed. Male flowers in small cymes or in clusters, stamens 8-12. Female flowers solitary, subsessile, ovary ovoid, 8-locular, style single, glabrous, staminodes 8-10. Fruit a berry, globose, 5-8 cm across, endosperm smooth.

An evergreen tree, up to 15 m tall, bark blackish, smooth, blaze reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, oblanceolate or elliptic-ovate, 2.5-7.5 × 1.5-4.0 cm, base rounded, obtuse or acute, apex acuminate or cuspidate with blunt tip, shiny underneath, hairy along midrib, otherwise glabrous, petioles 2-3 mm long, pubescent. Flowers unisexual, orange-red or yellow. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 6-8 mm long, hispid outside, glabrous inside. Corolla salver-shaped, pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Male flowers: cymose, 4-merous, pedicels 1-2 cm long, stamens 8-12, glabrous. Female flowers: solitary, 4-merous, pedicels 1-3 cm long, hispid, ovary ovoid, villous, 4-locular, style single, villous, staminodes absent. Fruit a berry, globose, smooth, young fruits densely hairy, greenish-yellow, shiny when ripe.

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A tall evergreen tree, young parts softly pubescent, bark smooth, blackish-brown, blaze chocolate-brown. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 × 1.4-4.0 cm, hairy, acuminate, membranous, dark green, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, lateral veins 5-8 pairs, inconspicuous, petioles 5 mm long. Flowers small, white, 4-merous, sessile in axillary, hirsute-bracteate cymes. Calyx segments 4, broadly ovate, hardy outside. Corolla 4, lobes contorted about the middle, pubescent. Male flowers in few-flowered cymes, very small, appressed tawny-pubescent, stamens in 2 series, usually the outer of 10 and inner of 4, the latter almost sessile. Female flowers solitary on very short 2-bracteate peduncles or almost sessile in the axils of leaves, ovary narrowly oblong. Fruit a berry, ovoid-oblong, c 4 cm long, glossy and smooth, on a stout bracteate stalk and seated on small 4-lobed, hairy calyx.

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A medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 27 m tall, all parts glabrous, bark black, rough, with horizontal wrinkles, blaze reddish-brown. Leaves small, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 5-33 × 2-14 cm, base acute to rounded, apex acuminate, entire, shining, glossy, glabrous, midrib slightly depressed above, prominent beneath, lateral vein zigzag, oblique, petioles 0.6-1.2 cm long. Flowers yellow or white, 4-merous, buds globose, minutely tubercled. Calyx deeply cut into 4-tappered, acute lobes, both side sericeous. Corolla lobes 4, yellowish-white. Male flowers in 3-5 flowered cymes, axillary, pedicels c 2 mm long, glabrous, stamens 18-96, glabrous. Female flower solitary, pedicels 2-5 mm long, pubescent, ovary conical, 8-locular, style single, sericeous, stigmas 8, staminodes 12-16, villous. Fruit a berry, globose, 5-10 cm across, yellow when ripe.

A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1.0-1.5 cm long, thickened at the apex, geniculate, pubescent, lamina lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or ovate-elliptic, 5-14 × 1.5-4.0 cm, coriaceous, cuneate or tapering into a short petiole at the base, acuminate at the apex, dentate-serrate, veins prominent beneath. Inflorescence a stout, axillary raceme, 5-10 cm long, puberulous. Flowers 1.0-1.5 cm across, white, pedicels 1-2 cm long, puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, keeled, villous outside, pubescent inside. Petals oblong-cuneate, 7-9 mm long, narrowed at the base, broader at the apex, silky hairy on both the surfaces. Stamens 35-40, filaments c 2 mm long, puberulous, anthers elliptic, 3-4 mm long, awned, puberulous. Ovary villous, 2-locular, ovules in 2 rows in each locule. Fruit an oblong drupe, c 2.5 cm long, smooth.

An evergreen tree, about 20 m tall, often buttressed at the base, bark dark grey, nearly smooth, rough only with small vertical lenticels and very narrow horizontal furrows, blaze whitish, turning brown on exposure. Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, 10-17 × 3-5 cm, acute to acuminate, base cuneate, thinly sericeous, becoming glabrous, often with glands at branches of lateral veins beneath, lateral veins 8-12 pairs, slender and arching, turning yellow before shedding. Racemes 5-7 cm long, 15-20 flowered. Flowers white, 8-10 mm across, pedicels 5-8 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, thinly sericeous, 6-7 × 1.0-1.7 mm. Petals oblong to obtriangular, 5-8 × 2.0-3.5 mm, pubescent on margin and at the base only, divided to middle into c 12 segments. Stamens 28-35, 4.0-4.5 mm long, awn 0.5 mm long, with short bristles at the apex. Ovary spherical, 4-5 celled, styles longer than the stamens. Fruit a drupe, blue when ripe, succulent, 1.5-2.5 cm across, globose, stone 4-5 grooved, strongly rugose, 4-5 celled, cells 1-seeded.

A tree, 5-12 m in height, old trees buttressed at the base. Leaves crowded at the end of branches, 14-30 cm long, obovate, elliptic when immature, apex rounded or acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, with small glands in axils of lateral veins along midribs beneath, petioles 2.3 cm long, geniculate, swollen at both ends. Racemes crowded, 5-12 cm long, axillary, 10-15 flowered. Flowers 1.2-2.0 cm across, drooping, fragrant, pale white, pedicels 1.5-2.0 cm long, rusty villous. Sepals narrowly triangular, 13-15 × 2 mm, tomentose. Petals white, triangular, 1.5 × 1.0 cm, irregularly divided in the upper third into 25-35 segments. Stamens 40-50, 1 cm long, anthers 4-5 mm long, oblong, aristate at the apex, anther tails erect. Ovary 2-celled, ovoid, cells 10-12 ovuled. Fruit an ellipsoid drupe, 3.5 × 2.0 cm, stone rugose, somewhat compressed, 1-seeded.

An evergreen medium-sized to large tree, c 20 m high, branchlets glabrous, young shoots and buds silky, bark greyish-brown, vertically fissured with horizontal wrinkles, blaze reddish, fibrous. Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 × 3-7 cm, acute to acuminate with a cuneate or rounded base, coarsely serrate, glabrous, minutely blistered when dry, turning bright red before fall, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, petioles 2.5-5.0 cm long, geniculate and with a pair of small glands at the apex. Racemes 7-8 cm long, 20-25 flowered. Flowers white, 6-7 mm across, pedicels 7-8 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, 5-6 × 1.5-2.0 mm, glabrescent or thinly appressed hairy. Petals ob-triangular, 5-7 × 4-6 mm, hairy on margin only, divided almost to middle into 25-35 segments. Stamens 25-30, 2.5-3.5 mm long, anthers bearded. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a drupe, light green, smooth, resembling an olive, fleshy, edible, pleasantly acid, ellipsoid to obovoid, 2-3 × 1.0-1.5 cm, stones tapering on both ends, shallowly wrinkled with 3 fine-furrows, 3 or by suppression 2-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seed c 2 cm long, spindle-shaped.

A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Leaves petiolate, petioles 7-15 mm long, obscurely geniculate at the apex, lamina elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-15 × 2-4 cm, cuneate to acuminate at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, distantly crenate-serrate, thinly coriaceous or chartaceous. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 5.0-8.5 cm long, puberulous. Flowers 6-9 mm across, pedicels 8-12 mm long, slender, puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, 3-5 mm long, keeled, puberulous or glabrate outside, silky puberulous inside. Petals obtriangular, 4-6 mm long, laciniate, ciliate, white. Stamens 15-30, filaments c 2.5 mm long, pubescent, anthers oblong, 1.5-2.0 mm long, with short bristles at the apex, puberulous. Ovary villous, 3-locular, styles villous at the base. Fruit a drupe, oblong-ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5-3.0 cm long, green, pyrenes oblong, strongly rugose, with 3 longitudinal grooves, unilocular, 1-seeded.

A medium-sized tree, 15-20 m tall. Leaves obovate-oblong, oblanceolate or spathulate, 6-20 × 3-12 cm, cuneate at the base, obtuse or subacute at the apex, distantly cuspidately crenate-serrate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 3-10 cm long, puberulous. Flowers 2.0-2.5 cm across, dull white, pedicels 2-3 cm long, slender, puberulous or glabrate. Sepals linear-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1.5-2.0 cm long, glabrous inside, greyish hairy outside, margin thickened, tomentose. Petals oblong-cuneate, 2.0-2.5 cm long, narrowed at the base, broader at the apex, laciniate, canescent inside, pilose outside. Stamens 30-60, filaments 3-4 mm long, hairy, anthers oblong, 3-4 mm long, puberulous, with 3-4 mm long erect awns. Ovary ovoid, acute to obtuse, pyrenes terete, strongly tubercled, unilocular, 1-seeded.

A medium to large-sized tree, 20-30 m tall. Leaves petiolate, petioles 2.0-6.5 cm long, geniculate at the apex, lamina elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 7-20 × 4-9 cm, narrowed at the base, bluntly acuminate or acute at the apex, distantly serrulate or subentire, coriaceous, veins prominent. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 7-12 cm long, glabrate. Flowers c 1.5 cm across, pedicels 5-12 mm long, curved at the apex, puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, 6-8 mm long, glabrous outside, puberulous and keeled inside, margin villous. Petals oblong, 7-9 mm long, broad and saccate at the base, narrowed at the apex, laciniate, silky on the both surfaces, ridged and centre. Stamens 20-30, filaments shorter than the anthers, anthers oblong, 2.0-2.5 mm long, shortly awned, awns reflexed, puberulous or glabrescent. Ovary oblong, 2-locular, styles slender, tapering, locule with 2 superposed rows of ovules. Fruit an oblong-ovoid drupe, 1.5-2.0 cm long, smooth, pyrenes rugose, tubercled, indistinctly 4-ridged, unilocular, 1-seeded.

A small to medium-sized tree, 5-20 m tall, branchlets glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1-3 cm long, swollen and geniculate at the apex, lamina oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-12 × 2.0-3.5 cm, cuneate at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate or subentire, subcoriaceous, glabrous. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 3-9 cm long, silky pubescent, puberulous with age. Flowers 5-10 mm across, white or pale yellow, pedicels 5-6 mm long, bracts leafy, broadly spathulate, caducous. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, pilose or glabrate outside, thinly adpressed hairy and distantly pouched at the base inside, margin villous. Petals oblong, 5-10 mm long, broad sacciform with 2 pits at the base, narrowed at the apex, laciniate, rarely entire, adpressed silky on both surfaces. Stamens 15-30, minutely puberulous, filaments short, anthers c 2 mm long with short awns. Ovary oblong or ovoid, sericeous, 2-3 celled, each cell with 6 ovules. Fruit an oblong-ovoid drupe, 1.5-2.0 cm long, 1-celled, 1-seeded.