Forest Emission Factor Database

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A buttressed tree, up to 25 m tall, bark exfoliating in thin irregular flakes, rusty pubescent or glabrous, branchlets lenticellate, pubescent when young. Leaves 30-75 cm long, more or less crowded at the end of the branchlets, stipules subulate, c 8 mm long, pubescent, caducous, leaflets oblong-ovate, lanceolate, elliptic or oblanceolate, 6-23 × 3-8 cm, chartaceous, sometimes sparsely pubescent on the nerves beneath, oblique, acuminate or caudate at the apex, rounded to acute at the base, entire, slightly wavy, rarely irregularly crenate towards the apex, lateral nerves usually 10-15 pairs, sometimes up to 20 pairs, prominent beneath, tertiary venation reticulate. Inflorescence axillary or supra-axillary, thyrsoid, male ones 12-40 cm long. Calyx cupular, 2-3 mm long, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes deltoid, sparsely tomentose outside, rounded at the apex. Corolla lobes 3, oblanceolate-oblong, 9-11 × 3-4 mm, cucullate towards the apex, pubescent outside. Stamens 6, 8-10 mm long, connate at the base for about half the length of the filaments. Disc tubular, hirsute. Pistillode in male flowers absent or minute, densely tomentose. Drupes ellipsoid, 4.0-5.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm, pruinose, dark purple, mesocarp fleshy, aromatic, fruiting calyx persistent, saucer-shaped, 3-lobed.

A large evergreen tree, buttressed at the base with a spherical crown, bark greenish-grey outside, exfoliating in long overlapping flakes, rather smooth with lenticels, inner bark brown or reddish-brown, fibrous, somewhat aromatic. Leaves alternate, 30-60 cm long, rachis somewhat furrowed, leaflets 3-13, 7.5-20.0 × 3.5-10.0 cm, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, occasionally obovate to oblanceolate or elliptic, somewhat abruptly and obtusely acuminate at the apex, rounded or oblique at the base, finely serrulate on the margin, tough and leathery, glabrous and shining above, tomentose beneath, lateral nerves 10-24 pairs, arched and prominent beneath, tertiaries transverse and parallel, petioles 2.5-5.0 cm long. Flowers in supra-axillary panicled cymes, 30-45 cm long, densely ferruginous tomentose. Calyx c 3 mm long, cup-shaped, with 3 shallow and rounded teeth, tomentose outside. Petals 3, oblong, 5-8 mm long. Stamens connate into a tube, enclosing the bristly disk. Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, up to 5 cm long, usually pointed at both ends, trigonous, stone bony, 3-celled, usually 1-seeded.

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A shrub or small resinous tree, up to 4 m tall, branches crooked, drooping, lateral branches often thorny, bark of young shoots green, smooth, that of the larger branches and trunk covered with a light-coloured pellicle which peels off from time to time. Leaves alternate, 1 to 3-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets ovate or oblong-elliptic, 0.4-5.0 × 0.3-2.5 cm, chartaceous, acute at the apex, glabrous, serrate, or serrulate along the margin, smooth on both sides, lateral leaflets minute, often auriculiform. Flowers axillary, short-pedicelled, small, red, collected in little bundles on the small protuberant buds left by previous year’s leaves. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla lobes 4, valvate, inserted on margin of disc. Stamens 8, filaments filiform, anthers oblong, basifixed. Glands 8, alternate with filaments. Drupe the size of a black currant, red, smooth, nut 2-celled with a single seed in each.

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A medium-sized to large tree, often buttressed at the base, bark ashy-grey, nearly smooth, exfoliating in irregular flakes, inner bark reddish-brown or light red, fibrous, young parts puberulous. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 30-45 cm long, leaflets 11-17, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-15.0 × 1.5-4.0 cm, acuminate at the apex, oblique and cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate along the margin, membranous, sparsely pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards, turning yellow before falling, lateral nerves up to 20 pairs. Panicles up to 20 cm long, pubescent or glabrescent, peduncles 4.9-9.5 cm long, slender, rachis pubescent, but ultimately glabrous towards the base, bracts linear. Flowers small, c 6 mm across, white or yellow, fragrant. Calyx lobes 5, triangular, tube narrowly campanulate, 1.5 mm long, glabrous inside, minutely tomentose or puberulous outside. Corolla lobes oblong or ovate, 3-4 × 1.0-1.5 mm, acuminate at the apex, pubescent. Stamens 10, inserted on the margin of the disk, filaments glabrous, c 2 mm long. Ovary 5-celled, sparsely puberulous, style 2 mm long, stout, stigmas 4-5 lobed. Fruit a 4-lobed drupe, globose, pyrenes 4, 1-seeded.

A medium-sized to large deciduous tree, up to 20 m tall, bark greyish-brown, exfoliating in round hard flakes, blaze red with strikes of white tissue, aromatic. Leaves imparipinnate, 25-50 cm long, leaflets 7-12 pairs, c 10 × 3 cm, opposite or subopposite, more or less subsessile, leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, crenate, acuminate to obtuse, oblique. Flowers in terminal clustered panicles of cymes, greenish-yellow, bracteate. Sepals tomentose outside, valvate, c 4 mm long, tube with narrow ovate teeth, disk crenate, thin, lining the tube of the calyx. Petals linear-oblong, up to 8 mm long, valvate, tomentose outside, inserted on the disc. Stamens free, inserted at the margin of the receptacle, filaments free, dilated at the base, emerging from the calyx tube, shorter than the gynoecium and longer than the sepals, anthers dorsifixed. Ovary ovoid, hairy, with short hairy style and capitate stigma. Fruit a drupe, fleshy, up to 2 cm in diameter, green, irregularly globose with 2-3, 1-seeded pyrenes, olive-green to blackish when ripe. Seeds up to 8 mm long and 7 mm broad.

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A medium-sized to large evergreen or semi-deciduous tree, bark brownish or light grey, fissured, blaze pinkish or reddish-brown. Leaves imparipinnate, up to 30 cm long, leaflets 4-6 pairs, opposite or nearly so, up to 8 × 3 cm, petiolate, petioles c 1 cm long, leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, oblique at the base, entire or sometimes serrulate-crenate, pubescent when young, ultimately glabrous above, thinly pubescent beneath, tertiary veins reticulate and prominent. Flowers in axillary, lax panicles, rather shorter than the leaves, c 2 mm long, pedicels up to 2.5 mm long. Sepals 5, up to 1.0 × 0.5 mm, toothed. Petals up to 2.0 × 1.5 mm, reflexed, inserted below the disc. Stamens 10, filaments dilated at the base, anthers oblong, basifixed, filaments slender, up to 0.3 mm long. Ovary surrounded by the crenate disc, stigma sessile or with very short style. Fruit a drupe, up to 2 cm across on thick peduncle, globose or 2-3 lobed, smooth, green to light reddish when ripe. Seeds 1-3.

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A fast growing, large and lofty, deciduous tree, c 45 m high, sometimes up to 60 m in height, with straight, cylindrical bole, often with buttresses at the base, bark greyish, thin, annular, sprinkled with rusty and warty tubercles, young shoots adpressed, yellowish tomentose. Leaves imparipinnate, rachis 10-60 cm long, pubescent when young, later on sub-glabrous, petioles 5-20 cm long, pinnae 3-7 pairs, 15-30 cm long, leaflets 4-9 pairs, opposite, 2-15 × 2-7 cm, oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly oblique, subsessile, pubescent first, later on glabrous. Racemes 1-3 together, up to 30 cm long, erect and dense. Flowers dull or orange in colour, with pedicels 6-8 mm long, reflexed after anthesis, receptacle pubescent, 6-8 mm long. Sepals 5, c 3-4 mm long, rounded at the apex, pubescent. Petals 5, small, 6-10 mm long, scarlet, linear-cuneate. Stamens 5, filaments 1.5-1.8 cm long, yellowish-orange with green base, glabrous, thick, anthers 2-3 mm long. Ovary 1.2-1.5 cm long, loosely hairy except apical part, with 15-20 ovules. Fruit a pod, 8-15 × 1-2 cm, strap-shaped, dark brown, smooth, long stalked, flat, thin, slightly torulose with 3-5 mm wide wing along the upper suture. Seeds up to 18 per pod, obovate, oblique, small, pale brown, compressed.

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A tree, about 10-18 m high with spreading branches and round-topped low crown, young shoots pendulous, with flaccid coppery or light violet, finely puberulous leaves. Leaves paripinnately compound, stipulate, stipules foliaceous, 2-3 cm long, narrow, lanceolate, caducous, rachis 20-40 cm long, including short, stout petiole, leaflets 6-8 pairs, 10-30 × 3.0-4.5 cm, oblong to ovate-oblong, with rounded base and long acuminate apex, glabrous, increasing in size upwards, petiolules thick, 4-7 mm long. Inflorescence lax, terminal, red, pendulous racemes, 50-80 cm long, consisting of 20-25 flowers, peduncles 12-30 cm long. Flowers large, showy, c 20 × 10 cm, bracteate, bracts early caducous, bracteoles 4.0-7.5 × 1.5-3.0 cm, rosy-pink, broadly lanceolate, very acute, persistent, enclosing the flower buds, pedicels 6-12 cm long, pinkish-red. Receptacle red, as long as the sepals. Sepals 4, petaloid, 3-5 × 0.5-2.0 cm, sub-equal, linear-oblong, blunt, often reflexed, curved or coiled, rarely straight during anthesis. Petals 5, 3 large, 2 lower minute, setaceous, 6-7 mm long, subulate, rudimentary, out of 3 large petals 2 lateral, cuneiform, 5.5-7.0 × 1.7-2.3 cm, spathulate, pinkish-red with bright yellow apex and upper standard obcordate, 5.5-7.7 × 5.0-5.5 cm, broadest at the apex with bright large yellow spot, very finely marked with ‘V’-shaped red symbol. Stamens 10 (9+1), diadelphous, 9 connate to form 3 cm long rosy-pink sheath, free part of the filaments alternately long and short, 5 of these c 4 cm long, bearing anthers c 8 mm long, 4 alternate filaments 0.2-0.3 cm long with small anthers, upper stamens free, c 2.5 cm long with small anthers, anthers versatile, opening by a slit. Ovary white, falcate, compressed, 1.2-2.0 cm long, with a 0.7-1.0 cm long stipe, adnate to the receptacle, ovules 3-6, style red, filiform, c 4 cm long, stigma terminal, capitellate. Fruit a pod, scimitar-shaped, 15-20 × 3-4 cm, long-stalked, flattened, glabrous and smooth, woody when dry, dehiscent, young pod brilliant crimson with greenish marking. Seeds 4-6 per pod, 1.8-2.5 × 2.0-2.8 cm, transversely ovate, orbicular, much compressed, exarillate and exalbuminous.

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A dioecious tree, up to 15 m high, with thick bark exfoliating in linear flakes, branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, stipules 2, c 2-3 mm long, linear, acute, early caducous, lamina ovate to rotund, up to 4 × 8 cm, broadly rounded, base truncate to cordate, 9 to 11-nerved, bifid with broad sinus at the tip, finely reticulate, glabrous above, pubescent to glabrous and glaucous beneath (whitish when dry), petioles 2-4 cm long, glabrous to pubescent. Racemes short, up to 5 cm long, compound, pedicels c 2 cm long, filiform, pubescent, bract 1, minute, triangular, bracteoles diminutive. Flower buds club-shaped, pubescent, 6-10 mm long. Receptacles 3-5 mm long, turbinate. Calyx tubular, splitting into 3-5 segments in the upper part. Petals white, oblong, with very short calw, c 10 mm long. Stamens 10, fertile, shorter than the petals, outer whorl longer than inner, filaments glabrous, anthers oblong. Ovary stipitate, densely tomentose, 5-6 mm long, with peltate stigma. Fruit a pod, 20-30 × 1.5-2.0 cm, strap-shaped with long straight beak, leathery, glabrous, striate, indehiscent. Seeds 10-30 per pod, c 7 × 4 mm, oblong.

A large shrub to small tree, 7.5-15.0 m high, young branches rusty pubescent, later on glabrous. Leaves simple, pale green, alternate, stipulate, stipules 2, 3-6 mm long, triangular, acute, leaflets 7-15 × 6.5-14.0 cm, broadly ovate to sub-orbicular, often broader than long, bifid, sinus narrow, tip of the lobes rounded to acute, base cordate to truncate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath on the nerves, 11-13 nerved, petioles 3-6 cm long. Inflorescence shortly racemes, few-flowered, pubescent. Flowers pink, pedicellate, pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, pubescent, bracteate, bract 1, 5-10 mm long, lanceolate, bracteoles 3-6 mm long, linear, veined, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Flower buds spindle-shaped, crowded by 5 minute, subulate to acute tips. Receptacles 2.5-3.0 cm long, narrowly tubular, more or less striate, gradually widening towards the mouth. Calyx spathaceous, 1.5-2.0 cm long, tomentose, sepals 4-5 mm long, acute. Petals 5, free, 4-5 cm long, obovate, gradually tapering into short claw, 4 petals creamy with pink streaks, the posterior one yellow with a large, purple spot. Stamens 10, but only 1 fertile, filaments c 4 cm long, hairy at the base, anthers sagittate, c 6 mm long, staminodes 9, c 3 mm long. Ovary as long as the stamens, stipitate, style sparsely pubescent, stigma oblique, flattened. Fruit a pod, 15-25 × 1.5-2.0 cm, narrowly oblong, smooth, leathery, dehiscent. Seeds 10-20, flattened, black, c 1 cm in diameter.

An evergreen shrub to medium-sized tree, 4-12 m tall, with round crown, bark thick, nearly smooth, ashy to dark brown, young shoots pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, lamina 7-18 × 5-15 cm, broadly elliptic, 9-11 nerved, cleft about half way down into 2 sub-acute or rounded lobes, base truncate to cordate, glabrous, minutely pubescent beneath when young, petioles 2.5-5.0 cm long. Inflorescence axillary to terminal panicles, 10 to 12-flowered. Flowers deep pink or mauve, showy, c 7.5 cm across when in full bloom, flower buds 2.0-2.5 cm long, acutely 5-angled on upper half, ridge dark coloured, pedicels 0.5-1.3 cm long, tomentose, bracts c 3 cm long, bracteoles c 2 mm long, hypanthium 7-10 mm long. Calyx spathaceous, tube obconical, 2.5-3.0 cm long, usually splitting into 2 reflexed segments, one emarginate and the other 3-toothed. Petals 5, free, 3.7-5.0 × 1.5-2.0 cm, elliptic to oblanceolate, with 1 cm long claw, spreading, veined. Stamens 10, fertile stamens 3 or 4, filaments 3-4 cm long, others reduced to staminodes. Ovary downy, long stalked, vestigial, style long, stigma oblique. Fruit a pod, 15-25 × 1.5-2.5 cm, linear-oblong or sword-shaped, with 2 cm long stalk, gradually narrowed towards stalk and broader upwards, flat, leathery, dehiscent with twisted valves. Seeds 12-15 per pod, c 7 × 4 mm, elliptic, brown, smooth.

A small deciduous, bushy to crooked tree, 6-12 m tall, with a short trunk and spreading crown, bark dark brown to nearly black, rough with vertical deep cracks, branches drooping and young twigs velvety pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, lamina 1-5 × 2-6 cm, reniform, broader than long, deeply cleft up to half way down into 2 lobes with very broad sinus, tip of the lobes rounded, base usually truncate to deeply cordate, glabrous above and densely grey, velvety to sub-glabrous beneath, rigidly coriaceous with 7-9 nerves, stipules minute, triangular, early caducous, petioles 1-3 cm long, pubescent to sub-glabrous. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate, lax, terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, 7.5-15.0 cm long. Flowers white or fading-yellow, shortly pedicellate, 5-10 mm long, erecto-patent pubescent, jointed near the middle, bracts short, linear, acute, bracteoles diminutive, inserted near the base of the pedicels. Hypanthium very short, buds pubescent, fusiform, more of less falcate, with curved, pointed apex, 5-7 mm long. Receptacles 2-3 mm long, turbinate. Calyx spathaceous, c 2 mm long, turbinate, splitted into 5 segments at the apex, limb 6-8 mm long, entire, reflexed. Petals 5, 6-8 mm long, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, as long as or slightly longer than the calyx. Stamens 10, all fertile, filaments densely hairy at the base, anthers narrow, oblong, 3-4 mm long, hairy. Ovary glabrous or hairy, c 2 mm long, stalked, stigma sessile, inconspicuous. Fruit a pod, 15-20 × 1.0-2.5 cm, more or less falcate, turgid, glabrous, blunt at the apex, scarcely veined, indehiscent. Seeds 12-20 per pod, oval-oblong, compressed, black, c 1 cm in diameter.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, bark dark brown, thick, young shoots glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves simple, alternate, lamina 7.5-15.0 cm long, slightly broader than long, entire or shallowly notched, base cordate or truncate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, 9-11 nerved, petioles 4-9 cm long, thickened at both ends. Inflorescence axillary to lax terminal panicle, flowers in the lower branches axillary. Flowers rather small, bracteate, pedicellate, pedicels 1.5-2.0 cm long, covered with soft pubescence, bracts 2.5 mm long, linear, bracteoles similar to or smaller than the bracts. Calyx 5.0-7.5 mm long, silky pubescent, split almost to the base into 2-3 segments. Petals white, 1.0-1.5 cm long, obovate, hairy outside, clawed, 3 upper petals mottled with purple stripe. Stamens 3, fertile. Ovary hairy on the margin, stipitate, style elongated. Fruit a pod, 10.0-17.5 × 3.0-3.8 cm, shortly stalked, oblong or oblanceolate, flat, firm, red, dehiscent. Seeds 6-8, flat, sub-orbicular, dark brown, smooth.

No Data

A handsome shrub or a small tree, 2.5-5.0 m high, with ash-coloured bark and slender, zig-zag downy branches. Leaves broader than long, stipules 3-5 mm long, subulate, setaceous, pubescent, lamina 2.5-5.0 × 4.5-6.5 cm, bilobed, divided less than half way down into two rounded lobes, coriaceous, 7-9 nerved from the base, shining and glabrous above, whitish tomentose beneath, with conspicuous reticulation, petioles 0.5-0.8 cm long, slender, swollen at both ends. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow, up to 10 cm across, on short peduncle in pairs, sometimes 1-3 together, drooping, each pedicel bearing a pair of subulate, persistent linear bracts, 1.0-2.2 cm long, bracteoles 3 mm long. Calyx spathaceous, 1.5-2.0 cm long, velvety, appressed pubescent and 2 small teeth at the apex in bud, splitting down on one side when the flower opens. Petals lemon-yellow, 3-5 × 1.8-2.5 cm, ovate-spathulate or elliptic-oblong, not clawed, conspicuously veined, upper petal with a purple to red blotch on the inner surface at the base. Stamens 10, nearly free, arising from the lip of the calyx tube, all fertile, anthers sagittate. Ovary distinctly stipitate, seated on gynophore, densely tomentose, style up to 2 cm long, straight, stigma peltate. Fruit a pod, 10-15 × 1-2 cm, linear-oblong, stalked, tomentose, glabrous when ripe, rather woody, dehiscent. Seeds 6-10 per pod, oblong, rounded at the apex, blackish-brown.

An extensive, woody climber, densely brown pubescent, often reaches a length of over 9 m, stem very thick, scrambles over the tallest tree, young shoot bearing tendrils in opposite pairs, branches densely hairy, tendrils circinate, usually opposite the leaves. Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, stipules c 10 × 4 mm, oblong, deciduous, lamina 18-45 × 20-50 cm, sub-orbicular, cordate at the base, lobed at the apex, bifid, each lobe obtuse, sub-coriaceous, sparsely hairy above and densely ferruginous tomentose beneath, petioles 7.5-20.0 cm long. Inflorescence long pedunculate, sub-corymbose, terminal raceme, densely rusty-tomentose. Flowers small, cream-white, bracteate, turning buff with age, bracts c 6 × 1 mm, lanceolate, hypanthium 5-8 mm long, flower buds c 12 mm long, ovoid, pedicels 3.5-4.0 cm long, bearing a small pair of persistent, bracteoles near the apex. Calyx smooth, tube short, slender, 2-8 mm long, sepals connate, free at the tip, splitting into 2-5 lobes, valvate, turned reflexed, densely villous, receptacle tube 1.0-1.5 cm long. Petals 5, white or fading to yellow, 1.7-3.0 × 0.8-1.5 cm, spathulate, thin, shortly clawed, rusty hairy outside. Stamens 10, fertile stamens up to 3, red, 2.5-3.0 cm long, the rest 2-7 filaments reduced to staminodes. Ovary on a short gynophore, densely tomentose, style long, hairy, stigma minute, capitate. Fruit a pod, 22-30 × 3-5 cm, oblong, woody, pendulous, rusty brown, velvety, dehiscent. Seeds 6-12 per pod, 2.0-3.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, oblong to rounded, compressed, dark brown, polished.

A medium-sized deciduous tree, trunk short, bark nearly smooth with vertical cracks, young shoots brown pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, petioles 2.0-3.8 cm long, lamina 4.5-15.0 cm long, as broad as or rather broader than long, with a medium cleft reaching one-fourth to one third the way down, lobes obtuse, the base is deeply heart-shaped, rigidly subcoriaceous, grey-glaucous and pubescent, especially on the nerves beneath when young, 9-15 nerved. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, few-flowered, pubescent raceme. Flowers large, showy, fragrant, purple, pink or white, showy, bloom in leafless condition, c 7.5 cm across when in full bloom, pedicels short or absent, bracteoles minute, hypanthium slender, 1.2-2.5 cm long. Calyx spathaceous, grey tomentose, tube cylindric, 2.0-2.7 cm long, slender, 5 toothed at the apex. Petals 5, free, 4-6 cm long, obovate or oblanceolate, all white or 4 pale purple and fifth one darker with dark purple veins. Stamens 5, fertile, staminode absent. Ovary hairy, stipe 1.0-1.7 cm long, style long, stigma minute, capitate. Fruit a pod, 15-25 × 1-2 cm, oblong, flat, glabrous, slightly curved, hard with short stipe, dehiscent, 10-15 seeded.

A large climber, sub-glabrous, usually with copious, stalked and 2-forked tendrils. Leaves simple, alternate, 7.5-15.0 × 8-12 cm, broadly ovate or sub-orbicular in outline, incised, upper leaves nearly entire, lobes acute to acuminate, sometimes widely divergent, glabrous above, thinly puberulous along the nerves or glabrescent beneath, base broadly cordate, usually 9-nerved, nerves converging towards the apex, petioles 5.0-7.5 cm long, swollen at either end. Racemes 7.5-15 cm long, simple or branched, terminal or from upper leaf-axils, bracts small, deltoid, densely brown pubescent, pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm long. Calyx campanulate, tube 0.8-1.0 cm long, turbinate, limb 5-8 mm long, 5-cleft to about half way down, segments ovate, obtuse, adpressed, grey-brown pubescent. Petals pale yellow, exserted, 1.2-1.5 × 0.5-0.7 mm, obovate, long clawed, densely brown pubescent. Stamens 3, fertile, filaments c 2 cm long. Ovary densely ferruginous woolly, shortly stalked, style short, glabrate towards the apex. Fruit a pod, 10-15 × 4-5 cm, oblong, flat, persistently tomentose, indehiscent, 2-4 seeded.

A small, evergreen tree, up to 7 m high with dense shady foliage, branches drooping and spreading, develop from near the base of the trunk. Leaves paripinnately compound, up to 30 cm long, alternate, leaflets 5-10 pairs, c 12 × 4 cm, elliptic, acuminate, petiolules short, young leaves soft, pinkish, mottled, mature leaflets glossy-green, tint and stand out stiffly from the midrib, the leaves tend to drop under bright sunshine. Flowers scarlet-red, appears in dense clustered head, c 10 cm across, consisting of 40-50 flowers, developed from the lower sides of the branches and twigs, the buds enclosed by pinkish bractlets, usually flowers open at night and drop at day. Sepals 4 or 5, petaloid. Petals 5, tubular, 4-5 cm long, spathulate. Stamens 11 or 12, jointed at their half the length, filaments red, exserted, anthers deep brown or golden-yellow in colour, dorsifixed. Fruit a pod, almost 20 cm long, scimitar-shaped, compressed, curved and flat.

A tree of about 6-16 m tall, with an umbrella-shaped crown, young branches densely brown hairy. Leaves paripinnately compound, stipulate, stipules 7-16 cm long, conspicuous, young leaves flaccid, pale pinkish, leaflets 5-7 pairs, 4.5-11.0 × 2.5-3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, obliquely rounded at the base, caudate-acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, terminal leaflets always larger than the lowest pair, paler beneath, petiolules crinkly-rugose, glabrous. Inflorescence very showy, sessile, dense axillary, 12-16 cm in diameter, sometimes up to 20 cm across, tightly packed with deep pink or red blooms, outer flowers open first and gradually open towards the center. Flowers reddish-purple, 5-6 cm long, closely packed, on semi-globose heads, bracts and bracteoles present, bracts c 2.5 × 1.2 cm, velvety pubescent outside, inner elongate, c 4.5 × 1.2 cm, similarly pubescent, bracteoles spathe-like, c 2.5 cm long, pale salmon, densely, rather stiffly golden velvety-pubescent. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, c 2 cm long. Petals 4.5-5.0 cm long, orange or bright red. Stamens 10, c 6 cm long, filaments orange-red, joined at the base into a tube, 7-12 mm long, hairy within at the base, anthers yellow. Ovary c 1 cm long, style 3.0-4.5 cm long. Fruit a pod, 10-20 × 3.5-5.0 cm, oblong, adpressed rusty velvety, ridged just below the margin. Seeds 3.8 × 2.0 cm, dark brown, variously shaped, oblong, obovoid, discoid or irregularly conic.

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An unarmed, low spreading shrubby tree, up to 5 m high, with rough brownish-grey bark, marked with deep horizontal crack, young shoots and inflorescence grey pubescent. Leaves compound, bipinnate, rachis 3.5-12.0 cm long, pinnae 3-6 pairs, 2.0-5.5 cm long, leaflets 3-5 pairs, 1.0-2.2 × 0.6-1.5 cm, obovate, often retuse, puberulent, pale beneath. Inflorescence of terminal panicles, 20-32 cm long. Flowers c 1.5 cm across, bracts 7-10 × 1-2 mm, linear-oblong, cuspidate, pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, jointed about 0.5 cm apart from the base of the calyx. Calyx sub-campanulate, sepals 5, lower sepals hooded, clasping the others, greenish, golden-brown, pubescent. Petals 5, yellow or orange, red stripped. Stamens 10, free, filaments flattened near the base, reddish or grey, bearded at the lower half, anthers ovate, purple or brown. Fruit a pod, c 15 cm long, cylindrical, torulose, many-seeded. Seeds separated by equal number of constriction on the wall of the pods.

An unarmed, glabrous, large, scandent shrub to small deciduous tree, up to 12 m high with drooping branches and spreading umbrella-shaped crown. Leaves bipinnately compound, rachis 10-20 cm long, pinnae 3-9 pairs, 5-8 cm long, leaflets 20-30 pairs, 5-9 × 1-2 mm, linear-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, sessile to subsessile, opposite or sub-opposite, slightly obliquely subcordate at the base, rounded to truncate or emarginate at the apex, pubescent to glabrous, dark green above and greyish beneath. Inflorescence of supra-axillary to terminal, dense panicles, up to 12 cm long, much shorter than the subtending leaves. Flowers in cluster, greenish-yellow, sweet scented, almost sessile. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, sepals 5, ovate, 7-9 × 3-4 mm, equal or rarely subequal, pubescent, deflexed. Petals 5, standard petal 4-6 × 3-4 mm with 3-4 × 1-2 mm claw, yellow. Stamens 10, filaments free, arising from the tip of the calyx tube, reddish, dilated at the base and hairy towards the lower half, anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, glabrous, style short. Fruit a pod, c 3-5 × 0.8-1.0 cm, asymmetric-ovate or oblong, inflated, turgid, contorted, valves blackish-brown, thick, pulpy within. Seeds flat, rounded.

A glabrous, scandent, prickly shrub or small tree, 4-15 m high, with black bark. Stem sometimes black and glossy, mature stem up to 10 cm thick and covered by triangular woody knobs, with recurved prickles set at the centre. Leaves bipinnately compound, 15-25 cm long, stipulate, stipules awl-shaped, 1 mm long or obsolete, caducous, rachis 10-30 cm long, armed with short, stout, hooked or recurved spine beneath, pinnae 6-8 pairs, 3.5-9.5 cm long, often reduced, leaflets 2-3 (-5) pairs, 2-6 × 1.5-3.0 cm, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate-ovate, coriaceous, shining above, obtuse to shortly acute at the apex, glossy above, pale beneath. Inflorescence axillary to terminal large panicle, 20-40 cm long, many-flowered, more or less pubescent, bracts c 1 mm long, caducous. Flowers yellow, fragrant, glabrous, c 1 cm long, pedicellate, pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, glabrous, joined c 1 mm below the flowers, near the top and ended by a receptacle, c 2 × 5 mm. Calyx broadly obconic, very short, c 2 mm long, smooth, glabrous, 10-ribbed, sepals 5, 6-8 × 2-4 mm, oblong, glabrous, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals 5, yellow, clawed, the standard petal deep orange or red stripped, constricted, hairy inside towards the middle, 2 green thickenings inside, claw c 5 mm long, rest of the petals 8-10 × 4-5 mm, orbicular, crumbled, reflexed. Stamens 10, filaments woolly, slightly longer than the petals, dilated at the base and woolly below, anthers orange, c 1 mm long, versatile. Ovary shortly stalked, 5 × 2 mm, seated on an oblique gynophore, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, style short, c 8 mm long, stigma ciliate. Fruit a pod, 4-7 × 2.5-3.5 cm, sub-elliptic or rhombic in outline, sharply beaked, up to 1.5 cm long, hard, glabrous, indehiscent, turned blackish-brown when dry, 1- or 2- seeded. Seeds 2.0-2.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm and 0.5-1.0 cm thick, rounded-ovate or kidney-shaped, flattened, brown to black, smooth, veined.

A large straggling, scandent shrub or low tree, strongly armed with recurved prickles. Leaves compound, exstipulate, rachis 12-30 cm long, pinnae 2-5 pairs, 7-15 cm long, distant, leaflets 4-5 pairs, 4.5-10.0 × 1.5-6.0 cm, opposite, ovate-elliptic, bluntly acuminate, rounded and somewhat unequal at the base, thinly coriaceous, shining above, petioles 3-5 mm long. Inflorescence of simple or axillary to terminal panicles, 15-30 cm long, glabrous, often developed from old wood. Flowers bright yellow, bracteate, bracts fugacious, very early caducous, pedicels 0.6-1.2 cm long, glabrous. Calyx c 1 cm long, deeply divided, sepals 5, glabrous, lowest one hood-shaped and largest than the other 4 sepals. Petals 5, bright yellow, standard petal purplish-red, bilobed, butterfly-shaped, 2.0-2.5 cm long, claw 6.0-7.5 mm long. Stamens 10, one filament exceeding the others, and 5 short with a few hairs at the base, glabrous, anthers red. Ovary glabrous, 1-2 ovuled. Fruit a pod, 8-12 × 2.5-3.5 cm, with 5-7 mm wide, thin, reddish-brown, papery wing along the upper suture, stipitate, stalk 2-4 mm long, above the persistent receptacle. Seeds 1-2, at the middle of each pod.

A scandent or scrambling shrub or small tree, up to 10 m high with dark red bark, branches with numerous recurved, stout prickles, glabrous or covered with dense, rusty or golden-brown pubescence. Leaves bipinnately compound, up to 30 cm long, stipulate, stipules obliquely ovate, 4-20 × 2-8 mm, acuminate, caducous, rachis 12-24 cm long, pinnae 4-10 pairs, up to 7 cm long, leaflets 8-12 pairs, 1-2 × 0.4-1.0 cm, opposite, oblong, obtuse to rounded at the tip and unequal at the base, subsessile, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath. Inflorescence of axillary to terminal racemes, 20-30 cm long, yellowish-brown, puberulent, many-flowered. Flowers yellow, 1.2-1.8 cm long, often with red veins, bracteate, bracts 5-8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, caducous, pedicels 2-3 cm long, jointed near the base of the flower. Calyx inverted cone-like, fulvous hairy, 10-ribbed, sepals 5, golden hairy, the lowest sepal hood-shaped, 8-10 × 3-4 mm, remaining 4 sepals oblong, 6-8 × 3-4 mm. Petals 5, sub-orbicular or obovate, standard petal 1.3-1.4 cm long, with 5-6 mm long claw, the other petals smaller, up to 1.1 cm long, with 1-2 mm long claw, obovate, constricted towards the middle, hairy inside along the margin. Stamens 10, free, filaments c 1.5 cm long, flattened and woolly at lower parts, anthers versatile. Fruit a pod, 6-12 × 1.7-2.8 cm, oblong to falcate-oblong, flat, sharply beaked, up to 1.5 cm long, strong ridge along upper margin, turdily dehiscent through upper suture. Seeds 4-8 per pod, ellipsoid, c 10 × 6 mm.

A prickly shrub or small tree, about 6 m high, with a diameter of 15-25 cm. Leaves compound, stipulate, stipules 2, c 3-4 mm long, caducous, rachis 15-40 cm long, pinnae 10-13 pairs, opposite, leaflets 10-18 pairs, 1-2 × 0.6-1.0 cm, elliptic-oblong, very oblique at the base, sessile, obtuse, slightly emarginate at the apex, chartaceous, adpressed pubescent. Inflorescence of supra-axillary to terminal panicles, 30-40 cm long, bracts lanceolate, acuminate, c 6 mm long, caducous, pedicels 1.5-2.0 cm long, pubescent, jointed near the top. Flowers yellow, pubescent. Calyx tube short, bowl-shaped, sepals 5, golden-brown, hairy outside and glabrous inside, the lowest one more concave and larger. Petals 5, yellow, obovate, the standard petal smaller, constricted into a claw, hairy inside towards the middle, base of upper petal pink. Stamens 10, filaments slightly longer than the petals, white, woolly in lower half. Ovary grey, velvety, 3 to 6-ovuled. Fruit a pod, 7-12 × 1.5-2.0 cm, obovate, obliquely truncate, woody, oblong, flattened, sessile on receptacle, caudate at the apex. Seeds 3-4 per pod.

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A climbing shrub or small tree, up to 10 m high. Leaves compound, exstipulate, rachis up to 60 cm long, often with recurved spines, pinnae 7-20 pairs, 6-15 cm long, leaflets 12-30 pairs, 10-20 × 2-6 mm, oblong, asymmetrical, oblique or truncate at the base, sessile, rounded to obtuse at the apex, glabrous or sparsely puberulous beneath. Inflorescence of axillary to terminal or rarely supra-axillary panicles, 20-60 cm long. Flowers bracteate, bracts c 2 × 1 mm, pubescent. Sepals 5, 8-10 × 4-6 mm, unequal, ciliated, lowest one deeply hooded, 12-14 × 10-12 mm. Petals 5, unequal, standard petal c 5 × 5 mm with 5-8 × 1-2 mm claw, orbicular, hirsute above, other 4 petals 7-10 × 6-12 mm, orbicular to reniform with c 2 × 1 mm claw, hirsute or glabrous. Stamens 10, filaments 10-14 mm long, woolly at lower part, somewhat exserted, lanate, anthers 2.5-3.0 × 0.6-1.0 mm. Ovary subsessile, 3-5 × 1.0-1.5 mm, hairy or glabrous, style 8-12 mm long, pubescent. Fruit a pod, 3.5-9.0 × 2.0-3.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, shortly beaked, turning black when dry, thickened at suture, often twisted and constricted between the seeds, woody, indehiscent. Seeds 1-5 per pod, sub-globose, c 10 mm long.

A small tree, up to 10 m high, with all younger parts densely pubescent. Leaves paripinnately compound, stipules narrowly lanceolate, attached to the middle and pointed on both ends, rachis 15-40 cm long, light brown, velvety pubescent, leaflets 5-7 pairs, 6-8 × 1.5-3.0 cm, oblong to oblanceolate, rounded at both ends, apex with a small mucro, densely velvety hairy on both surfaces, petioles 2-4 cm long, petiolules c 2 mm long. Racemes lateral, 5-12 cm long, 1-few together, main axis yellowish pubescent. Flowers large, pinkish-white, bracts 7-12 × 2-3 mm, lanceolate, apex long-pointed, hairy on both surfaces, bracteoles similar to the bracts in shape but smaller in size, pedicels c 6 cm long, thinly pubescent, more or less densely hairy in a ring just below the calyx. Sepals 5, 2 outer smaller and 3 inner larger, 9-12 × 2-3 mm, ovate-lanceolate with acute apex. Petals 5, 3.5-5.0 × 1.0-2.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, pinkish, clawed at the base, c 5 mm long. Stamens 10, 3 longest filaments 3.5-5.0 cm long, with swollen in the middle, bearing anthers c 5 mm long, ovoid, opening by basal and apical slits, 4 filaments only half the length but bearing anthers nearly twice as long, opening by slits, rest of the stamens reduced to 1.0-1.5 cm long and with very small anthers. Ovary white, pubescent, c 4 cm long, recurved, stipe 1.0-1.5 cm long, stigma sub-apical, punctiform. Fruit a pod, 30-40 × 1.0-1.5 cm, terete, cylindrical, long pendulous, softly grey to brownish, velvety pubescent, indehiscent. Seeds 30-40, separated by spongy septa.

A deciduous tree of about 10-20 m tall, very young shoot silky white. Bark of young trees ash-coloured and smooth, turns brown and rough when old. Leaves compound, rachis 8-12 cm long, without any gland, leaflets 2-8 pairs, about 6-17 × 3.5-7.5 cm, ovate-elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, dark green and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath at early stage, finally pale beneath, stipules subulate, very small, c 1-2 mm long, caducous. Inflorescence of large, pendulous racemes, 20-40 cm long, sometimes up to 60 cm long, peduncles 2-10 cm long, glabrous. Flowers c 4.5-6.5 cm across, bright yellow, showy, bloom in large profusion, bracts 8-10 mm long, ovate, acute, pubescent, pedicels 4.0-5.8 cm long, slender. Sepals 5, c 7-10 mm long, ovate-elliptic, green, velutinous outside, folded backward. Petals 5, free, 2.5-3.5 × 1-2 cm, obovate-oblong, veined, shortly clawed at the base. Stamens 10, all the filaments yellow, fertile stamens 7, 3 longest filaments about 3.5 cm long, without any sigmoid swelling at the middle, double curved at the base, 4 medium and straight, the rest 3 quite short and sterile, anthers chocolate-brown, bilobed, opening by longitudinal slit. Ovary slender, thinly pubescent, style sturdy, stigma small, punctiform. Fruit a pod, 12-60 × 2-5 cm, cylindrical oblong, woody, smooth and chambered within, filled by dark brown to black sweetish pulp, indehiscent, become black when dry, long persistent on the tree up to the next flowering season. Seeds 40-100 per pod, c 1 cm across, ovoid, flattened.

An evergreen to deciduous tree, 15-20 m tall, with buttressed trunk at the base, bark brownish-grey, smooth, young shoots and inflorescences densely covered with short rusty-brown hairs. Leaves paripinnate, stipules 2, minute, rachis 10-25 cm long, without gland, leaflets 10-20 pairs, 3-5 × 1-2 cm, oblong, abruptly rounded at both ends, entire, subcoriaceous, subsessile, velvety-brown, pubescent on both surfaces, sometimes apex with sharp mucro, the terminal leaflets on young leaves with a very distinct coppery tinge, petioles 2-3 cm long, woolly, petiolules c 2 mm long. Inflorescence lateral racemes, often from old stem, 10-20 cm long, consisting of 20 flowers. Flowers 1.5-2.0 cm across when open, showy, first red, later on pink, finally orange, long stalked, bracts c 5 mm long, ovate, acute, early caducous, bracteoles smaller, inserted at the base of 1.5-2.5 cm long pedicels. Sepals 5, 5-8 × 6-7 mm, oblong to orbicular-ovate, velvety outside and downy within, reflexed. Petals 5, free, 1.0-1.5 × 0.7-1.0 cm, obovate, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, not prominently veined, shortly clawed. Stamens 10, 3 longest filaments c 3 cm long, curved, with c 2.5 mm long anthers, sparsely pubescent, opening by apical pores and basal slit, 5 shorter straight filaments with smaller anthers, opening by basal pores, 2 reduced stamens c 2 mm long with sterile anthers. Ovary silky white tomentose, style short, stigma small. Fruit a pod, 20-50 × 2-5 cm, cylindric-oblong, woody with hard testa, somewhat compressed with distinct lateral rib along the length of the suture, coarsely rugose and glabrous, dark blackish when ripe, chambered within, indehiscent. Seeds 20-40 per pod, embedded in pulp with disagreeable smell.

A fast growing deciduous tree, 5-20 m tall, with short trunk and spreading canopy, bark dark brown and smooth, branches nearly glabrous. Leaves paripinnately compound, rachis 20-30 cm long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, 2.5-7.0 × 1.5-3.5 cm, elliptic-ovate to oval-oblong, rounded and blunt at the apex, base usually rounded to cuneate, upper surface feebly shining and dull beneath, finely appressed pubescent, petioles 1.4-4.0 cm long, stipules 2, 1.2-2.5 cm long, crescent-shaped. Inflorescence terminal corymbose racemes, arising from the lateral leafless branches, 5-16 cm long, peduncles 2-3 cm long. Flowers rosy-pink, showy, bracts 1.3-1.5 cm long, ovate, acute, bracteoles 4-5 mm long, axillary, linear-oblong, pedicels 3-5 cm long. Sepals 5, free, 6-10 mm long, ovate, acute, deep red to reddish-brown, pubescent. Petals 5, free, 2.5-3.5 × 0.7-0.8 cm, with 3 mm long claw, usually dark veined, thinly pubescent. Stamens 10, bright yellow, 3 longest filaments c 2 cm long with sigmoid swelling at the middle and double curved below, bearing 4 mm long anthers, opening by apical pores and basal slits, 4 shorter filaments c 1 cm long with large anthers, opening by basal pores, reduced stamens 3, c 10 mm long. Ovary pubescent, slender, recurved on a thin stipe, stigma indistinct. Fruit a pod, 20-60 × 1.0-1.5 cm, cylindrical-oblong, woody, dark brown to glossy black, chambered within, indehiscent, 50-70 seeded. Seeds flat, glossy, brown, corky, more or less orbicular, embedded in flat disc.

A semi-evergreen tree, 10-20 m tall, with guarled trunk and flat topped, umbrella-like spreading canopy, bark greyish-brown and smooth when young, young shoots silky white, pubescent. Leaves paripinnately compound, rachis 12-30 cm long, leaflets 4-14 pairs, 4-12 × 2.0-4.5 cm, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, entire, acute, leathery and glossy above, pale beneath, petiolules 0.2-0.3 cm long, stout, stipules 2, c 2 × 1 cm, crescent-shaped or narrowly falcate, attached to the middle. Racemes terminal corymbose, patent, in large profusion, peduncles 2.5-3.0 cm long. Flowers light to dark-pink or rose in colour, showy, blooms in large profusion, 4.5-6.0 cm across, bracts 1.3-1.5 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, pubescent, bracteoles 4-5 mm long, ovate to linear-oblong, pedicels 2.5-4.5 cm long, pinkish, minutely downy, subtended by pinkish bracts at the base. Sepals 5, free, 6-10 × 2.5-3.0 mm, ovate, acute, glaucous, densely reddish-brown, velvety outside. Petals 5, free, 1.5-2.5 × 0.6-0.9 cm, obovate to oblong, pointed at both ends, with 3 mm long claw, usually with dark veines, thinly pubescent. Stamens 10, unequal, 3 lower filaments yellow, c 2 cm long with sigmoid swelling at the middle and double curved below it, with 4 mm long anthers, sparsely pubescent on dorsal surface, opening by apical pores and basal slit, 4 shorter filaments c 1 cm long with large anthers, opening by basal pores, reduced stamens 3, c 10 mm long, with sterile anthers. Ovary pubescent, slender, recurved on a thin stipe, stigma indistinct. Fruit a pod, 20-60 × 1-2 cm, cylindrical-oblong, woody, pendulous, smooth, dark brown to glossy-blackish when ripe, chambered within, many-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds flat, glossy-brown, corky, more or less orbicular, separated by transverse partition.

A small deciduous tree, 6-8 m tall, with spreading and drooping branches, twigs and leaves persistently softly pubescent, bark fairly smooth, brownish-grey, covered with corky excrescence. Leaves paripinnately compound, rachis 20-32 cm long, leaflets 8-20 pairs, 3-7 × 1.0-2.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, softly pubescent, stipules 2, large, leafy, reniform, 1.5-2.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm. Inflorescence solitary or paired, axillary racemes, short, arising from old woods. Flowers pink, scented, pedicels 3.4-5.0 cm long, bracts large, ovate, acuminate. Sepals 5, unequal, 4-5 mm long, dull-red, silky pubescent externally and tender-green inside. Petals 5, free, 1.5-3.5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, silky pubescent externally, gradually fade and finally turned white, distinctly clawed. Stamens 10, 3 longest filaments with a cylindrical thickening at the middle, bearing tender-green large anthers, 4 stamens medium and the remaining reduced to staminodes. Ovary glabrous. Fruit a pod, 30-60 × 2.0-2.5 cm, cylindrical-oblong, woody, indehiscent, round in section, c 2.5 cm across.

A small graceful tree, about 5-10 m tall, with short trunk and round-shaped canopy, branches slender, drooping, bark brown, deeply cracked, young shoot silky tomentose. Leaves paripinnately compound, leaflets 10-15 pairs, 1.5-4.5 × 1-2 cm, obliquely ovate-oblong, unequal-sided, emarginate and apiculate at the tip, smooth and leathery above, stipules hastate or falcate-reniform. Inflorescence pedunculate, axillary to terminal racemes, 5-10 cm long, peduncles 1-2 cm long. Flowers deep pink to terracotta-red, pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm long, bracts large, ovate to obovate, pale green at the base of the pedicels. Sepals 5, 4-7 cm long, ovate, salmon-pink, pubescent. Petals 5, 0.8-1.5 cm long, oblong, obovate, deep pink to terracotta colour with fine green veins, 2 lower petals usually larger, pubescent outsides. Stamens 10, 3 uppermost longest filaments curved and without swelling at the middle, with dark red anthers, opening by slits, 4 shorter stamens at the center with bright red anthers, opening by pores and remaining 2 stamens with minute, yellow, sterile anthers. Fruit a pod, 20-30 × 2-3 cm, almost straight, cylindrical, glabrous, transversely chambered, spongy within.

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A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, about 12 m high, with spreading branches, bark brownish-grey with pinkish tone, studded with numerous corky knob. Leaves bipinnately compound, c 90 cm long, pinnae 20-30 pairs, c 10 cm long, leaflets 20-30 pairs, opposite, c 1.2 cm long, elliptical. Inflorescence in dense clusters, leaf-opposed, axillary, compact cylindrical racemes or at the end of the upper branches, c 40 cm long. Flowers very curious and striking, 3.5-5.0 cm across when open, bracteate, bracts caducous, flower buds globose in outline. Calyx campanulate, petaloid, sepals 5, 4 sepals more or less united, 5th one free and lowest, oblique, sharply pointed, bright orange to red, silky outside, creamy and smooth inside. Petals 5, the standard petal orange-red, smallest, flanked by 2 very narrow, erect, wing petals deep red, keel petal boat-shaped and rudimentary. Stamens 10, filaments free, delicate, villous below, reddish-yellow, c 3.5 cm long, much exserted, 3 of them inserted below the standard petal, 2 under the wing petal, 1 under the keel and remaining 4 stamens under the ovary, anthers yellow. Ovary subsessile. Fruit a pod, 2-valved, elongated, dehiscent, many-seeded.

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A large, evergreen tree, up to 30 m high, sometimes shrubby and bushy with spreading crown, bark thin, dark brown, smooth, all parts glabrous except young shoots. Leaves compound, 5-15 cm long, rachis 1.5-6.5 cm long, stout, slender, glabrous or puberulous, leaflets 1-2 pairs, almost sessile or very shortly petiolules, 2-10 × 0.5-6.0 cm, obliquely obovate-oblong to falcate-oblong or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or emarginate at the apex, midrib excentric, about 1.3-3.0 cm from upper margin, upper leaflets much larger than the lower. Inflorescence short racemes or umbel-like clusters, 1.5-2.5 cm long, axillary or above the axil of the fallen leaves. Flowers white, bracteate, bracts 3-10 mm long, glabrescent to hairy, bracteoles 3-4 mm long, pedicels 0.7-1.5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. Sepals 4, white, 3-6 × 1.0-1.5 mm, unequal, lanceolate, ciliated at margin except apex, glabrous to pubescent. Petals 5, white, 5-8 mm long, lanceolate to spathulate, sometimes shortly mucronate. Stamens 10, rarely more, filaments 4-7 mm long, anthers orbicular, 0.5-1.0 mm long. Ovary 1-2 × 0.5-1.0 mm, slightly excentrically inserted, rhomboid, flattened, densely hairy, shortly stalked, style 3.5-5.5 mm long with a few hairs on lower part, gynophore 0.5-1.0 mm long, hypanthium 1.0-1.3 mm deep. Fruit a pod, 2.2-3.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, fleshy, ovate-oblong with irregularly, strongly wrinkled or shallowly rugose surface, woody, beaked or fleshy at the tip, indehiscent. Seeds c 1.2 × 1.0 cm.

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A medium-sized, handsome, deciduous tree, up to 20 m high, with dome-shaped, flat topped, spreading crown, trunk often buttressed at the base. Leaves bipinnately compound, main rachis 50-60 cm long, pinnae 11-18 pairs, up to 10 cm long, leaflets 15-30 pairs, 8-10 × 3-4 mm, almost sessile, linear-oblong, membranous, blunt or rounded at the apex, slightly oblique at the base, glabrous, stipules c 2 mm long, pinnately 4 to 5-lobed, caducous. Inflorescence of corymbose racemes, at the end of branchlets, large and spreading, glabrous, 10-15 cm long, 5 to 10-flowered. Flowers showy, large, 7-12 cm across, scarlet, orange, or brown and white variegated, bony when dry, flower buds c 3.5 cm long, obovate to oblong, pedicels 5-8 cm long. Sepals 5, free, 2.5-3.5 × 0.7-1.0 cm, oblong, acuminate, smooth, yellowish-green outside, deep and bright red inside, reflexed when the flowers open. Petals 5, free, 3.0-5.5 × 4.0-4.5 cm, orbicular, orange or scarlet-red, unequal, with 2-3 cm long clawed at the base, standard petal cream-white with red patches, c 4.5 cm across, with 3 cm long claw, other 4 petals ovate, rounded, c 5.5 cm long, claw 2.5 cm long. Stamens 10, filaments up to 5.5 cm long, smooth, bright red with white base, anthers c 4 mm long, bilobed, dorsifixed. Ovary green, slightly velutinous, style filiform, glabrous, up to 3 cm long, stigma indistinct. Fruit a sessile pod, 30-60 × 4-5 cm, linear-oblong, flattened, slightly curved, obliquely acuminate, pendulous, woody, blackish when dry, dehiscent into 2 valves. Seeds 20-40 per pod, 1.5-2.5 × 0.4-0.6 cm, elliptic-oblong, slightly compressed.

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A shrub or small spreading tree, up to 15 m high, with a crooked, buttressed trunk at the base, bark dark brown, peels off in small flakes, twigs with conspicuous white-lenticels. Leaves paripinnately compound, alternate or fascicled from spurs, petioles 4-8 cm long, without gland, pinnae 3 pairs, the lower pinnae with 1-2 pinnate leaflets, the terminal pairs of pinnae with 3-4 pairs of leaflets, 1-3 × 1.3-1.6 cm, cuneate, obovate, entire, emarginate at the apex. Inflorescence up to 6-12 cm long, rather densely-flowered, approximately or exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellowish-white, small, fragrant, pedicels 4-6 mm long, filiform. Sepals 5, 4-5 mm long, yellow or purple-tinged. Petals 5, 5-7 mm long, obovate-oblong, slightly irregular. Stamens 10, free, filaments pilose at the base, anthers introrse, almost the same length as the petals. Ovary and style pubescent. Fruit a pod, samaroid, 2-6 × 0.8-1.2 cm, elliptic-oblanceolate, valves thin, membranous. Seeds 2-3 per pod.

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A medium to large-sized evergreen tree, 30-50 m high, with bole 14 m long, and spreading canopy, slightly buttressed at the base of the trunk, young shoots minutely pubescent or quite glabrous. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 15-45 cm long, stipulate, stipules very small, c 1 × 1 mm, rachis 1.5-3.5 cm long, while young, minutely pubescent, leaflets 2-3 pairs, rarely 1 pair, 5-12 × 2.5-5.5 cm, opposite or somewhat alternate, ovate to broadly elliptic, entire, glabrous except for a strip of hairs on the midrib at lower side, chartaceous, obtuse to rarely retuse, petioles 2.5-5.5 cm long and petiolules 2-7 mm long. Inflorescence 5-10 cm long, axillary to dense terminal panicles, glabrous to greyish pubescent. Flowers small, white or pink. Calyx tube 7-10 mm long, sepals 4, unequal, 1.0-1.2 × 0.6-0.8 cm, ovate to obovate, greenish, glabrous to hairy outside, imbricate. Petals white, turning pink, later on red or purple, 2-3 × 1.0-1.5 cm with 5 mm long claw. Fertile stamens c 3 cm long, filaments red or purple, anthers 2 mm long, staminodes 4-7, up to 10 mm long. Ovary shortly stipitate, pubescent, style c 4 cm long, pubescent at the base. Fruit a pod, 14-20 × 4-7 cm, oblong, varying in shape, woody or thickly coriaceous, glabrous, apiculate, curved. Seeds 1-many, 2.0-3.5 cm long, black, more or less orbicular, much compressed with a cup-shaped aril.

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A large, evergreen tree, sometimes stem with buttress at the base, bark dark-brown or grey, somewhat rough, fibrous, light pink to brownish inside, branchlets lenticellate, very young shoots enveloped by the imbricate scales. Leaves compound, paripinnate, 5.0-22.5 cm long, leaflets 4-6, 5-10 × 2.0-3.5 cm, sessile, obliquely obovate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, apex acute, glossy, base unequally cuneate, glabrous, glossy, smooth, subcoriaceous, lowest pair smallest. Inflorescence axillary corymbs, 2.5-5.0 cm long, floriferous at the base. Flowers white, bracts and bracteoles present. Calyx tube very short, with a disk at the base, sepals 4, white, 7-10 mm long, obovate-oblong, imbricate, ultimately reflexed, thinly pubescent outside. Petals 5, 1.0-1.2 cm long, linear-oblong or oblanceolate. Stamens 40-60, white, filaments slender, glabrous, c 1.2 cm long, much exserted. Ovary densely wooly, subsessile, very oblique, ovules 1 or 2, style filiform, stigma capitate. Fruit a pod, 3.5-6.5 × 2.0-6.5 cm, falcate, obliquely oblong, woody, smooth, usually rather rugose with reticular dots.