Forest Emission Factor Database

A small tree, 9-10 m tall, bark thin, greenish-grey, smooth or warty, obscurely wrinkled, branchlets finely puberulous. Leaves 3-8 × 1.5-2.5 cm, alternate, simple, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute to cuneate at the base, caudate-acuminate with obtuse tip, shining above, finely puberulous along midrib on both surfaces, entire or with scattered spinous teeth along margin, lateral nerves 10-14 pairs, petiole 0.6-0.8 cm long, grooved. Flowers 4-merous, white. Male flowers in peduncled umbellules, clustered at the ends of branches or leaf axils, often on very short branches, sometimes solitary, peduncles 5-15 mm long, pedicels slender, short, calyx lobes obtuse, petals oblong-orbicular, slightly united at the base, stamens equal to the petals, rudimentary ovary globose. Female flowers in fascicles at the leaf axils often on very short branches, calyx lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, puberulous outside, petals suborbicular, ovate or oblong, slightly united at the base, ovary globose-ovoid, stigma flat. Fruit a drupe, globose, brown. Pyrenes 1-3.

Evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; branchlets slender, longitudinally ridged and sulcate, glabrous or glabrescent; terminal buds narrowly conical. Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, 6-12 × 2-4 cm, base obtuse, cuneate, or rarely rounded, apex acuminate, acumen 8-15 mm, margins serrate or weavy, olivaceous when dry, shiny, leathery, both surfaces glabrous, midnerves impressed and glabrous above, lateral veins 8-10 pairs, raised beneath; stipules very minute, obscure; petiole 8-15 mm long, narrowly sulcate above, glabrous. Inflorescences fasciculate cymes, axillary, on second year’s branchlets; bracts ovate, ciliate. Male inflorescences 1-3-flowered cymes, peduncles ca. 1 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 2, basal, deltoid, ciliate. Male flower: calyx patelliform, ca. 2 mm in diameter, deeply 4-lobed, lobes deltoid or suborbicular, ciliate; corolla 7-8 mm in diameter, petals oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2.0 mm, basally slightly connate; stamens as long as petals, anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm long; rudimentary ovary subglobose, apex obtuse or subglobose. Female flowers: calyx 4-lobed; petals 4; staminodes sagittate or cordate, isomerous, alternating with petals, epipetalous; ovary superior, ovoid, 4-8-loculed, rarely pubescent; style rarely developed; stigma capitate, discoid, or columnar. Infructescences 1-fruited cymes; fruiting pedicels 1-3 mm long. Fruit a globose berry, 7-8 mm in diameter, red when ripe; persistent calyx explanate, ca. 2 mm in diameter, ciliate; persistent stigma flattened, discoid or navel-like. Pyrenes 4, oblong or subglobose, 5-7 × 4-5 mm, both ends obtuse, palmately striate and sulcate above, laterally reticulate, rugose and pitted, endocarp stony.

A medium to large tree with small crown, bark ashy-grey, branches crooked, young shoots pubescent. Leaves 5-14 × 1.5-5.5 cm, alternate, ovate-elliptic, apex short-acuminate, base acute, margin entire, undulate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, shiny above, pale pubescent beneath when young, petiole 1-2 cm long, stipules 2, minute. Flowers small, unisexual, greenish-yellow, in umbels, fragrant. Male inflorescence 8-30 flowered. Male flowers with 4-5 sepals, sepals patelliform, ovate, pubescent, petals broadly obovate or ovate-oblong, connate at the base, stamens equal to petals, filaments slender, anthers ovoid. Female inflorescence 4-15 flowered, peduncles 10-13 mm long, bracts minute, deltoid, calyx as in male flowers, petals broadly obovate or ovate-oblong, free, ovary ovoid, stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, sulcate, red when ripe. Pyrenes 4-6, endocarp hard.

A small evergreen tree, 5-7 m tall, bark brownish-grey, smooth, covered with white streaks. Leaves alternate, simple, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acute or rounded at the base, acute to short-acuminate at the apex, margin serrate, coriaceous, shining above, pale below, lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, slender, petiole 5-10 mm long, stipules caducous. Flowers whitish, 4-5 merous, bracts small, caducous. Male flowers in dense axillary corymbose cymes, pedicels slender, 1-4 mm long, calyx lobes ovate, rounded or deltoid, petals oblong-lanceolate, connate at the base, stamens longer than the petals, anthers ellipsoid. Female flowers in fascicled or crowded on short axillary branches, pedicels 2-6 mm long, calyx lobes broadly ovate, subacute, round, ciliolate, petals broadly obovate or obovate-oblong, free, staminodes shorter than the petals. Fruit a drupe, globose or ovoid, red-brown to black when ripe, rugose. Pyrenes 4-5, trigonous.

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A large bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree with spreading branches, branches smooth, pubescent or glabrescent, bark grey or dark brown, lenticellate. Leaves 3-9 × 1.5-4.0 cm, alternate, simple, obovate or elliptic, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, minutely serrate, subcoriaceous, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, petiole 4 mm long, grooved, stipule 1 mm long, persistent. Flowers 4-merous, pale-white. Male inflorescene 1-3 flowered fascicle, peduncles 2 mm long, pedicels slender. Male flowers: calyx patelliform, pubescent or ciliate, petals ovate, united at the base, stamens shorter than the petals, inserted on the corolla, anthers elliptic. Female inflorescence usually solitary. Female flowers: calyx as in male flowers, petals ovate, united at the base, ovary globose, stigma discoid, sessile, inconspicuously 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, globose or ellipsoid, black when ripe. Pyrenes 4, ovate-elliptic, smooth, striate.

A large deciduous tree, with spreading branches, bark grey, warty, young shoots pubescent. Leaves 8.0-12.5 × 5.0-6.5 cm, alternate, simple, ovate, elliptic or oblong, entire or undulate, membranous, rounded or obtuse at the base, acute-acuminate at the apex, petiole 1-2 cm long, stipules minute, subulate. Flowers minute, fragrant, unisexual, in subumbelliform. Male inflorescence 6-16 flowered, peduncles 2-3 cm long. Male flowers with patelliform calyx, lobes 4-5, orbicular, pubescent and ciliate outside, petals 4-5, ovate-oblong, connate at the base, stamens 4-5, glabrous, filaments slender, anthers ovoid. Female flowers with 4-6 celled ovary, ovules pendulous. Fruit a drupe, small, globose. Pyrenes 6-10, trigonous or laterally compressed, 3-striate.

A large, lax, prickly shrub or small tree, branches more or less glabrous, prickles short, strong, spreading. Leaves large, up to 1.5 m long, pinnately decompound, rachis glabrous, prickles distant, 0.8-1.0 cm long, leaflets on ultimate pinnules, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous or with minute bristles on the nerves, base cordate or rounded, caudate-acuminate or acuminate at the apex, lateral petiolules short, up to 2 mm long. Inflorescence of terminal panicle, very large, 0.6-1.2 m long, decompound, pilose when young. Bracts narrow-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, persistent, membranous, pedicels glabrous or nearly so, up to 1.5 cm long, very slender with a ring of minute sets at the apical joint. Flowers pentamerous, c 3 mm across, creamy-greenish. Calyx glabrous, teeth distinct. Petals valvate, ovate. Fruits with 5-ridges, 2-3 mm long, globose or subglobose, plicate.

Trees, to 30 m tall. Leaves 3-5-pinnately compound, 50-100 cm; petiole 15-450 cm, glabrous; leaflets opposite, subsessile or with petiolules to ca. 1 cm, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, (3-)5.5-13 × (1.5-)3.5-6 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, lateral veins 6-10 pairs, distinct on both surfaces, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire, minutely revolute, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescence densely ferruginous stellate tomentose, glabrescent; primary axis to 30 cm or more; secondary axes to 40 cm; peduncles to 9 cm; umbels of bisexual flowers 2-2.5 cm in diam., umbels of male flowers 1-1.5 cm in diam.; pedicels 4-8 mm, elongating in fruit. Fruit ovoid-globose to oblate or slightly didymous, weakly compressed laterally, 5-7 × 3-5 mm at maturity, 2-3 mm thick; styles persistent, ca. 2 mm; pedicels ca. 8 mm.

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A small tree, up to 10 m tall, young parts prickled, rusty stellate-tomentose, bark grey or greyish-brown, prickles blunt. Leaves digitate, with 5-8 leaflets, leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, ovate-lanceolate, 10-20 × 3-8 cm, base rounded or acute, acute short acuminate at the apex, entire or obscurely serrate along margin, stellate-tomentose above, glabrescent beneath, petiolules up to 5 cm long. Inflorescence of large terminal penicles, up to 30 cm long, rusty-tomentose. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, persistent, persistent bracteoles at the base pedicels 1.2-1.7 cm long with a dense cluster of small rusty-stellate hairy. Flowers small, 4-5 mm across, white, stellate tomentose, disk flat, obscurely 5-angled. Fruits globose or subglobose, 0.5-0.8 cm across, crowned by the disk and persistent stylar column. Seeds 1 or 2 with irregularly pitted surface, albumen uniform or nearly so.

A small tree, up to 7 m tall, bark grey-brown with short recurved thorns, pith large. Leaves palmatifid, 38-60 cm across, about half way down, cuspidate, serrate, pubescent along the nerves, 7-lobed, lobes ovate, acute at the apex, petiole 30-40 cm long, ribbed. Inflorescence of umbel in long axillary panicles, 3.2-4.5 cm across, pedicels 1.5-2.0 cm long, filiform, subscabrid. Calyx limb toothed, disk conical. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, short. Fruits globose, 6-10 mm across, crowned by the calyx teeth and the short remains of the style.

A small, sparingly branched, prickly tree, young parts tomentose with rusty stellate scurf. Leaves up to 40 cm across, deeply palmately 7-9 fid, segments lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, central largest, narrowed towards the base, remotely toothed or nearly entire, petiole up to 35 cm long, unarmed, stipules with adnate basal portion and free upper portion, subulate-lanceolate. Inflorescence of umbels in large penicles, with branches up to 25 cm long. Bracts short, concave, acute with a broad base, deciduous, bracteoles numerous, up to 5 mm long, lanceolate, pubescent, lateral peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm long, pedicels up to 1.5 cm long. Calyx rusty tomentose outside, distinctly 5-toothed. Fruits crowned by the short style, ellipsoid, 2-seeded, 1.0 × 1.2 cm, turbinate.

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A small, soft wooded, evergreen tree, up to 10 m tall, bark pale yellowish-grey. Leaves large, up to 1.5 m long, tripinnate or rarely tetrapinnate, rachis with a pair of leaflets at the nodes, dilated at the base, petiole 15-25 cm long, leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, cuneate, often subequally narrowed at the base, short acuminate, 6-12 × 3-6 cm, lateral nerves 5-9 pairs, petiolules 2-40 mm long. Inflorescence dense subglobose umbel or panicle, subsessile or shortly pedicellate, up to 2 cm across, panicle 45-90 cm long. Flowers about 6 mm across, polygamous, yellow, fragrant, covered with more or less rusty, stellate scurf or tomentum. Bracts small, concave, persistent, pedicels short. Calyx turbinate, nearly truncate. Petals 5, valvate, acute. Stamens 5, extruded, spreading. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, distinct, persistent and recurved in fruits. Fruits laterally compressed, c 7 × 4 mm, endocarp crustaceous. Seeds 2, orbicular, compressed with ruminated albumen.

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A small or medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 10 m tall, bark grey, warty and somewhat rough. Leaves digitately 3-5 foliolate, petiole 10-15 cm long, leaflets oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 10-15 × 3-4 cm, rounded to acute at the base, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, petiolules 1-6 cm long. Inflorescence of umbel, racemed on the branches, up to 1.7 cm across, terminal one largest, lower ones smaller, often deciduous, panicles rusty-stellate tomentose. Bracts small, narrow lanceolate, acuminate, caducous, bracteoles few, deciduous, pedicels 3-7 mm long, minutely stellate pubescent. Flowers about 3 mm across, greenish-yellow, disk large, broadly conical. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united, persistent. Fruits about 7 mm long, ovoid, crowned by the persistent style.

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A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall, bark nearly smooth, pale-grey with large prominent raised lenticels. Leaves digitately 3-5 foliolate, petiole 10-15 cm long, leaflets ovate-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, cuneate to rounded and often sub-oblique at the base, caudate-acuminate, lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, arcuate, petiolules 1-3 cm long. Inflorescence of umbel, in a terminal panicle, glabrous, ascending. Bracts caducous, pedicels 3-6 mm long, elongating in fruits. Flowers about 4 mm across, greenish-yellow. Ovary 2-celled, style united into a column. Fruits ovoid, about 5 mm long.

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Generally a small and unbranched tree or large shrub, up to 6 m tall, armed with small prickles, bark brown, branchlets rusty pubescent and very prickly. Leaves large, 25-60 cm across, orbicular-reniform, palmatifid or palmatisect into 7-9 lobes, truncate to sub-cordate at the base, lobes oblong or oblong-elliptic, serrate, often irregularly lobed, glabrous, petiole 18-40 cm long, densely prickly at the sheathing base, prickles few, absent upwards, stipules adnate. Inflorescence of umbel in a large terminal panicle, up to 45 cm long, deciduously rusty tomentose, branches more or less dichotomous. Bracts oblong, usually deciduous, pedicels 3.2-4.2 cm long. Flowers polygamous, cream-white, 8-11 mm across. Calyx rusty pubescent outside, limb free, undulate or irregularly dentate. Petals 8-12, fleshy, valvate, reflexed. Stamens and ovary as many as the petals. Ovary 8-10 celled, style united in a short thick column. Fruits subglobose-ovoid, c 1 cm across, glabrous, ribs inconspicuous, crowned by the persistent style. Seeds compressed, albumen uniform.

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Trees to 70 m tall; trunk to more than 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray-brown or dark gray, rough, transversely split; crown tower-shaped when young, becoming flat topped with age; lateral branchlets dense, drooping, almost pinnately arranged. Leaves dimorphic: leaves of young trees and lateral branchlets loosely arranged, needlelike, falcate, subulate, or triangular, slightly curved, somewhat tetragonal or ridged (not obviously so abaxially), 0.7-1.7 cm × ca. 2.5 mm wide at base, stomatal lines weakly evident on abaxial surface, apex acute or acuminate; leaves on mature trees and cone-bearing branchlets densely arranged, overlapping, stretching upward, gray-green abaxially, glaucous, ovate to triangular, 6-10 mm, ca. 4 mm wide at base, ridged or not, midvein obvious or not, distal part of leaf tapering or slightly rounded, apex acute or obtuse. Pollen cones terminal, solitary, ovoid or ellipsoid. Seed cones ovoid or ellipsoid, 6-10 × 4.5-7.5 cm; bracts narrowly obovate, sharply ridged, with thin, lateral wing, apex caudate, thickened, acute, obviously reflexed; seed scales thin at apex. Seeds ellipsoid, with a membranous, lateral wing.

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Stems solitary, erect, to 20 m tall, 10-20 cm in diam., gray with conspicuous nodes. Leaf sheaths closed and forming green, slightly swollen crownshafts to 1 m; petioles no more than 5 cm; rachis recurved, to 2 m; pinnae 20-30 per side of rachis, regularly and closely arranged, stiffly erect; middle pinnae 30-60 cm, 3-7 cm wide at mid-point. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, erect; rachillae many, flexuose, yellowish green, to 25 cm; male flowers solitary, alternate and distichous on rachillae; stamens 6; female flowers at bases of rachillae only, larger than male flowers. Fruits yellow, orange, or red, ovoid, to 8 × 6 cm.

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Clustered palm, 1.5-4(-7) m tall, stems slender, green, 3-5 cm, with stilt roots. Leaves slightly drooping, 1-1.8 m long, sheaths forming a swollen, green crown shaft, petiole slender; leaflets 0.3–1 m long, 3.5–5 cm wide. Inflorescences 15-30 × 5-15 cm; prophyll 30 cm long. Male flowers cream-coloured with a strong lemon fragrance, 2.5 mm long; Female flower globose, cream-coloured, 7.5 mm long. Fruits 2.5 cm long, with a prominently beaked tip, ripening to orange, then to scarlet.

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Plants tall and sturdy, generally 13-20 meters high, up to 33 meters in diameter 45-60 cm in general, the most crude up to 90 cm. Leaves large, palmately divided, nearly circular, 1-1.5 m in diameter, the widest up to 3 meters, with lobes 60-80, split to the middle, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, apex 2 crack; , About 1 meter long, the edge of the dentate spines, petiole tip extends to the middle of the ribs until the middle of the leaves. Male inflorescence can be up to 1.5 meters, with 3-5 branches, about 35 cm or longer, palmately split into 1-3 branches per spike, spikelets slightly cylindrical, slightly narrow top, Long, ca. 25 cm; male flowers small, mostly yellow, borne in bracts of small spike axis, sepals 3, lower connate, petals shorter, spatulate, stamens 6, filaments connate into corolla , Anthers large, oblong; female inflorescence of about 80 cm, about 4 branches, 30-50 cm long, stout, spikelets 20-25 cm long, female flowers larger, spherical, about 2.5 cm in diameter, Each spikelet is about 8-16 flowers, spiral arrangement, staminodes 6-9. Fruit large, subglobose, compressed, 10-15 (-20) cm in diam., Exocarp smooth, dark brown, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp composed of 3 (-l) hard sub-nuclei, . Seeds usually 3, endosperm horny, uniform, central 1 cavity, embryo near the terminal.

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Stems clustered, to 10 m tall, 8-20 cm in diam., columnar. Leaves borne along upper half of stem; petioles 80-200 cm; rachis 2-2.8 m; primary pinnae 9-23 per side of rachis; secondary pinnae 10-20 per side of secondary rachis, with jagged margins and elongate apices. Inflorescences borne among or below leaves, to 85 cm; rachillae 20-60, 25-65 cm; male flowers to 10 mm; sepals ca. 3 mm; petals purple to maroon, 12-15 mm; stamens 12-24; female flowers to 5 mm; sepals ca. 3 mm; petals 4-5 mm. Fruits purple-black or reddish, globose, to 2 cm in diam.

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Arborescent, 5-25 m tall, 25-45 cm in diam., Stems dark brown, swollen or not swollen into vase-like, surface not be white felted villi, with obvious ring-shaped leaf scars. Leaves 5-7 m long, 3-5 m wide, arch-shaped down; pinnae wide wedge-shaped or narrow oblique wedge-shaped, 15-29 cm long, 5-20 cm wide, young leaves nearly leathery, The lower part of the pinna close to the branch leaf axis of the base, the edge of a regular lack of teeth, the base of the above pinna gradually narrow wedge-shaped, straight outer edge of the inner oblique extension or arc into irregular teeth missing, and Apex 2-3-lobed; petiole 1.3-2 m long, abaxially convex, upper concave, basal diameter ca. 5 cm, glabrescent-brownish-black, glabrous, glabrous, glabrous; Fibrous villi; leaf sheath margin with brown-black fibers. Spathe length 30-45 cm; inflorescences 1.5-2.5 m long, with numerous, dense spike-like inflorescence, 1-1.8 m long; peduncles cylindrical, stout, 5-75 cm in diameter, dense covered tile Arranged bracts, Male flowers: calyx and petals exfoliated, dark brown felted villous, sepals suborbicular, sepals greater than capped lateral sepals, surface not verrucose-raised, margin semicircular, stamens (30-) 80-100, Filaments short, nearly white, anthers linear; female flowers and male flowers similar, but slightly wider calyx, petals shorter, staminodes 3, ovary obovate triangular, stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit spherical to oblate, 1.5-2.4 cm in diam., Red when mature. Seeds 1-2, subglobose or hemispherical, endosperm chewing-like.

Congshu shrubs, 2-5 m tall, stem diameter 4-5 cm, base slightly swollen. Plumule 40-60 pairs, 2 rows, yellowish green, the surface of waxy white powder, lanceolate, long 35-50 cm wide and 1.2-2 Petiole and leaf axis smooth, yellow-green, with a groove on the back, the back convex round; leaf sheath length (10 cm long); And slightly inflated, usually yellow-green, waxy white powder at the beginning, there are vertical grooves. Inflorescences borne below the leaf sheath, was panicle type, about 0.8 meters, with 2-3 branches, branches 20-30 cm long inflorescence, which has 8-10 spikelets, 12-18 cm long ; Flowers small, ovoid, golden yellow, spiral-like was born on the spike axis; male flowers sepals and petals of the 3, the upper striped veins, stamens 6, anthers much. Female flowers sepals and petals and male flowers of the same, ovary 1 room, with a short style and thick stigma. Fruit slightly gyro or obovate, about 1.5-1.8 cm, 0.8-1 cm in diameter, fresh yellow when dry, purple-black when dry, exocarp smooth, mesocarp with reticular fibers. Seeds slightly obovate, endosperm uniform, central long narrow cavity, embryo lateral.

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Stems to 20 m tall, 30 cm or more in diam. Pinnae to 100 per side of rachis, regularly arranged and stiffly spreading in same plane. Inflorescences borne among leaves. Fruits greenish to reddish brown, ovoid to irregularly globose, to 30 × 20 cm.

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A solitary, massive, moderately slow growing, monoecious palm with a hapaxanthic or monocarpic mode of growth where the plant dies after setting seed. Not known in cultivation, extinct in the wild. It has a rough, grey-brown trunk, 27.5 m. (90 ft.) tall, 91.5 cm. (36 inch) diameter with no obvious leaf scars, and massive partially segmented, palmate (fan) leaves, 6 m. (20 ft.) long, 6 m. (20 ft.) wide, dark green above and beneath, on the end of 3 metre (9 feet) long petiole, armed with black teeth. These are one of the largest palmate leaves of any plant.

Plant tall and sturdy, arbor-like, up to 18-25 meters, 50-60 cm in diameter, up to 90 cm, with a dense ring-shaped leaf scars. Leaves large, showing a fan-shaped crack, forming nearly half-moon, leaves 1.5-2 m long, 2.5-3.5 m wide, lobes 80-100, cracked to the middle, sword-shaped, shallow 2 crack, 60-100 cm long, Lobes 7-9 cm wide; petiole 2.5-3 m long, stout, width 7-10 cm, above the groove, the edge of short teeth, the top extension of the next bend of the rib-shaped leaf axis, about 70-90 cm. Inflorescence terminal, large, erect, conical, 4-5 m tall or higher, ordered by the majority of the spathe is coated, initially for the spindle-shaped, after the split, branching out from the crack, About 30-35 branches inflorescence, from the bottom up shortening, the lower branches about 3.5 meters, the upper part of about 1 m, 4 branches, the last branch on the spiral with a few students Small about 15-20 cm of small flowers, the top of the flower; flowers small, gender, milky white, smell. Fruit spherical, 3.2-3.5 cm in diameter, when dry peel turtles crack; seeds nearly spherical or ovoid, diameter of about 1.8-2.0 cm; embryo top. Only once the results of flowering die, the life cycle of about 35-60 years.

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Single stem 12-20 m tall, 60-100 cm DBH; grey and covered in persistent leaf bases in the upper part in a typical spiral pattern. Leaves palmate, pleated, 4-6 m long, lamina 2.36-3.0 m wide and divided into 80-100 very deep segments, 160 x 8 cm, greyish green to blueish green tapering to a short, forked, pointed apex, each lobe with a single midrib; ligule 1.5-2 cm above apex of the petiole; petiole 2-4 m long, channelled above with black margins and armed for the entire length with 0.3-2 cm long straight, stout spines. Inflorescence a terminal panicle 2-5 m tall with up to 1 million yellowish to white bisexual flowers with an unpleasant odour. Flowers 3-8 mm diameter with 3 sepals and 3 petals in clusters of 5-10 in regular spirals along the 15-40 cm long branchlets of the inflorescence. Plants flower only after 30-60 years and then die (monocarpic). Fruit olive green to brownish, globular, 15-30 mm diameter. Seed spherical and 12-20 mm diameter.

Palm up to 10 meters or more, up to 50 cm in diameter. Leaves pinnatisect, 3-4.5 m long, lobes strip-shaped lanceolate, bud when the outward folding, length 70-80 cm, width 2-4 cm, the lower part of the degradation of acupuncture. Flowers monoecious, male inflorescences small, spike-shaped inflorescence composed of most spines, 7-12 cm long, female inflorescence larger, nearly head-shaped, 20-30 cm long, the base bearing with 7-30 mm Of long spines bracts. Nuts ovate or obovate, long 4-5 cm wide and 3 cm, orange-red, exocarp spongy, oil content, mesocarp fibrous, endocarp bone, the top has 3 germination hole; seeds nearly spherical or ovate,Oil content.

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Palm that can reach a height of 10 meters and a diameter of 10-12 cm, with a solitary trunk, marcescent (holds old petiole bases). It has a spreading crown of leaves fan-shaped circular, of 1-2 m wide, are divided almost to the base into numerous large segments (costapalmate), rarely entire, dark green and shiny. The petioles are long, of 1-2 m, provided with spines up to 1 cm in length. Inflorescences produced in spikes, born out of the leaves (armed petiole), are very long (4 m), with greenish white flowers, rich in nectar and very fragrant. The fruits are globose, 1.5 cm in diameter, orange.

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Branches shrubs, 2-5 m tall, 3-7 cm in diam., Leaf blade radially lobed, rounded reniform or 3/4-rounded, 1 m or more in diam., Lobes wedge, lobed to near base, 8-22 The lobes long 30-50 cm, width 7 cm, the remaining lobes are slightly narrow, apex with erosive-like lobes; petiole 70-100 cm long, usually on both sides of a thorn or thorn in the lower part. Inflorescences 60-100 cm or longer, with 2-3 conical branches, on which there are 5 spikelets or more, sometimes branched at the base of the third branch, Spikelets 10-15 cm long; spathes tubular, ca. 15 cm or longer, reddish-brown easily dehulled bran Blighted, the top number of tear-like. Flowers spirally arranged around the rachilla, sessile, 2-3 flowers gathered in the lower part of the spikelet, the upper part of the solitary; calyx lobes 3, split to the middle, corolla longer than calyx 1/3; Base co-generation ring; ovary glabrous. Fruit globose or obovoid, 7-9 mm in diam., Orange to purple when mature.

Arboreal, 5-20 meters high, 20-30 cm in diameter, the base often swollen. Leaves broadly reniform-shaped, more than 1 meter in diameter, palmately lobed to middle, lobes linear-lanceolate, 4-4.5 cm wide at base, apex long acuminate, 2-lobed, filiform pendulous to 50 cm Small lobes, both surfaces green; petiole long; 1-2 m, the lower part of both sides with yellow-green (fresh) or light brown (dry) Inflorescences conical, stout, ca. 1 m, 6-7 spathe on the total peduncle, ca. 6 branched, ca. 35 cm, with 1 spathe per branch, Inflorescences with 2 or 3 branches, small branches 10-20 cm long. Flowers small, bisexual, ca. 2 mm; Corolla ca. 2 × longer than calyx, lobed to middle 3-ovate acute tip lobes; stamens 6, adaxially glabrous, adaxially glabrous, apex acuminate, apex acuminate, The base of a cup-shaped and paste was born in the base of the corolla, filament slightly thick, wide triangular, short-drilled into a pointed tip, anthers wide oval; ovary carpels above the deep glyphs, Drilled. Fruit elliptic (such as olive), 1.8-2.2 cm long, 1-1.2 cm in diameter, dark brown. Seeds Sub oval, 1.5 cm long, 0.9 cm in diameter, the embryo is located in the middle of the opposite side of the seed ridge is slightly lower.

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Trees, stout, 15-20 meters high or higher, trunk diameter 30-40 cm or more thick. Leaves large, leaf blade 3/4-rounded or suborbicular, leaf blade dark green, abaxially slightly pale, with a large unbroken central part, surrounded by a majority of segments into apex tapering lobes, Short 2 lobes, small lobes 3-5 cm long, apex not sagging, the central lobes from the petiole at the top of the halberd to lobes tip 1-11.2 m long, 3-4.5 cm wide, lobes shorter, the remaining lobes longer; petiole Stout, 1.5-2 meters long, the petiole on both sides especially in the lower part with a strong slightly flattened dark brown under the bend of the thorn, the top of the thorns slightly sickle-shaped upward bend, The largest thorn the lower part length of 2 cm, the base width of 1 cm. Inflorescences axillary, stout, as long as 1.3 meters, with 4-6 branches inflorescence, long 30-50 cm; branches from each of the spat buds protruding from the mouth, with 2-3 branches; Flowers 5-6 (lower part of squid) or 2-3 (upper) clusters, yellow-green, not open when the width of the small tuberosity of the spur, Ovate, acute, ca. 2 mm; calyx ca. 3 to broadly semi-ovate near acute tip, margin membranous nearly translucent; corolla 2 × longer than calyx, ca. 3 to middle Acute triangular sharp lobes; stamens 6, at the base of a cup-shaped, Corolla base adhesion, the upper part of the separation part of a wide base and abruptly narrowed into a slightly slender drill tip, anthers suborbicular; ovary carpels on the surface with deep glyphs. Fruit obovoid, top rounded, base narrowed, 2.3-2.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, exocarp thin, light blue. Seeds ellipsoid or nearly ovoid, 1.5-1.8 cm long, 1-1.4 cm in diam., Embryo located opposite the middle of the seed ridges.

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Clustering palm, to 5 m high, usually forming dense thickets, the leaves are 2 to 3 m long and recurved, Acanthophylls (spines) at the base of the petiole. Purple to black fruits.

A dioecious palm; stem unbranched, solitary, short and subterranean to aerial, usually rough with very close nodes, often covered with persistent leaf bases. Leaves 0.7-1.0 m long, pinnate, erect from the ground; leaf sheaths open, reddish-brown, fibrous; pinnae induplicate, regularly or irregularly arranged, spreading in different planes, at base of leaf modified into short, stout, sharp spines, up to 15 cm long, middle and upper leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate or ensiform, 15-30 × 0.8-1.3 cm, apex acuminate to a sharp spine, base obtuse, margins induplicatly folded. Inflorescences sessile spadices, borne among leaves at ground level; male inflorescence not exceed prophyll, prophyll semi-woody, rachillae 8-12, compact in one whorl; female inflorescence excerted the prophyll, prophyll coriaceous, rachillae 8-18, in one whorl, variously spreading at fruiting stage. Flowers unisexual, small, coriaceous. Male flowers: pale yellowish, sepals 3, cupular, widely 3-toothed; petals 3, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 × 2.8-3.2 mm long, acute, valvate; stamens 6, c 3mm long, filaments very short, subulate, anthers erect, dorsifixed, pistillode minute or 0. Female flowers: sepals 3, connate in a globose, accrescent calyx, persistent in fruit; petals 3, rounded, imbricate; staminodes 6, free or connate in a 6-toothed cup, carpels 3, free, ovules erect, stigmas sessile, uncinate. Fruit ellipsoid to oblong, terete, 1.0-2.0 × 0.8-1.2 cm long, shortly mucronate, green at young stage, pink or blue-black when ripe, mesocarp fleshy, thick and bitter tasting, endocarp membranous, 1-seeded. Seeds oblong, 7-11 × 4-6 mm, ventrally grooved, albumen equable or sub-ruminate, embryo ventral.

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A moderate sized dioecious tree, 7.5-15 m tall, without root suckers, stem clothed with remains of petiole bases. Leaves smaller than the Phoenix dactylifera, 96 cm - 4 m long, greyish green, quite glabrous, pinnately divided into numerous leaflets. Leaflets 15-60 cm long and 8-2.5 cm broad, alternate, opposite or fascicled, in several planes, apex almost sharply pointed; lower leaf-lets modified into hard spines, up to c. 12 cm long, petiole short, glabrous, spiny. Inflorescence and flowers as in the Phoenix dactylifera. Fruit drupe, about 2.5 cm long, orange yellow, rounded at the ends, sweet, edible. Seeds woody, longitudinally grooved on one side.

Stems clustered, to 4 m tall, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., reddish brown. Leaves pinnate, rarely undivided; sheaths closed and forming crownshafts, 21-34 cm, green with reddish brown scales; petioles 9-13 cm; rachis 40-60 cm; pinnae (1-)3-8 per side of rachis, green abaxially, sigmoid, regularly arranged, distantly spaced; middle pinnae to 55 × 3-10 cm. Inflorescences spicate, pendulous; peduncles 1.4-4 × 0.5-0.6 cm; rachis absent; rachilla 1, 12-17 cm, straight, triangular in cross section, glabrous; triads tristichously arranged, superficial on rachilla; male flowers to 8 mm, deciduous; sepals to 1 mm, connate at base into a 3-lobed cupule; petals to 8 mm, valvate; stamens ca. 35; female flowers to 2.5 mm; sepals to 2.5 mm, rounded at apex, ciliate; petals to 2.5 mm, ciliate. Fruits red, ellipsoid, to 1.8 × 1 cm.